Essay on Stereotypes of Mothers - 1069 Words

Stereotypes of Mothers Single mothers, young mothers, and mothers in general have stereotypes attached to them. When you walk into a store with your child, depending on which of those stereotypes you fall into, people treat you completely different from the way they would if you were without child. I have ventured out without my son and with him to get my own perspective on how sales people and the general public react to me; I have also observed how people react to other single mothers, married mothers and single people. I volunteered two of my friends to go with me each time to observe how other people acted toward me. From the reactions observed its obvious that people think that mothers, in general, are kind, loving, honest, and†¦show more content†¦People have pity for single mothers; they think they have it hard and that they’re needy. If you are a single mother and you wear expensive clothes or carry expensive purses or drive and expensive car, people look down on you. They have said to me personally, â€Å"why do you have a Prada purse if you have a child and are in school?† like I’m not suppose to be able to afford these things. At the Fendi outlet in DC the sales women were all over the women who came in without children, showing all the new spring and summer styles, offering to show the sunglasses they were looking at in the show case and so on. They wanted to sell; they took them serious as a consumer. Three days later in the same store but with a child, the sales staff reacted differently. They acknowledged women with children and continued what they w ere doing. The only effort they made to sell to them and help them with what they wanted was a simple, â€Å"if there is anything we can help you with please let one of us know.† I hadn’t told my friend what I was doing this time, I wanted to see if it would be noticeable without being brought to attention what my hypothesis was; when we walked out, he looked at me and said, â€Å"I can’t believe that. They were so rude to you and just the other day they were all over you like white on rice.† I told him what I was doing and he couldn’t believe how differently the same people reacted to meShow MoreRelatedThe Nagging Mother Stereotype1795 Words   |  8 PagesCross-Cultural Encounters† Seminar The Jewish Nagging Mother Stereotype in Delmore Schwartz` â€Å"America! America!† The Jewish nagging mother stereotype is a concept that started developing at the beginning of the 20th century in America. This stereotype was constantly remodeled to suit a variety of circumstances in the development of the Jewish society. â€Å"Excessive, overprotective, neurotically anxious, and ever present, the Jewish mother became a scapegoat for ambivalent and hostile sentimentsRead MoreEssay on Gender Stereotypes in T.V. Show How I Met Your Mother1421 Words   |  6 PagesMy chosen scene is from a popular T.V. show called How I Met Your Mother. This show goes with gender stereotypes and goes against gender stereotypes. The show is about a group of friends, Lily and Marshall being an engaged/married couple, Barney the single â€Å"player†, Robin a Canadian tomboy, and Ted the main character, who is a hopeless romantic trying to find true love in New York City. Ted, over the past couple episodes meets a girl and she becomes his girlfriend. In the meantime, he’s spendingRead MoreStereotypes As A Cause Of Identity1183 Words   |  5 Pages When it comes to the topic of stereotypes, most of us will readily agree that each and everyone of us fits into at least one of them regarding our gender, age, race, and more. Where this agreement usually develops is on the question of whether or not we know how to respond to these stereotypes. Therefore, it can be said that the stereotypes imposed on one individual can cause him or her to stimulate personal insecurities as a young person. Yet, as they mature, they are able to realize that one canRead More Stereotyping in Mona in the Promised Land Essay657 Words   |  3 Pagesin the Promised Land, the main characters are faced with stereotypes which they cannot control. Stereotypes in society shape the way people are perceived. Everyone deals with their stereotypes in a different way. The two characters who deal with the most stereotypes are Mona, and Barbara. According to their stereotypes, Barbara is a better all around person than Mona, due to her social class, but when it comes to dealing with stereotypes Mona is a much stronger individual. Like all people, MonaRead MoreSandra Cisneross Only Daughter AndMy Mother Never Worked952 Words   |  4 PagesCisneros, and in the story, â€Å"My Mother Never Worked†, by Bonnie Smith-Yackel, the authors redefine stereotypes of women. Sandra Cisneros endured many hardships throughout her childhood since, she is a female and females were degraded in her society. Smith-Yackel is horrified to find out that her mother is considered to have â€Å"never worked†, because she did not have a formal job. In both these works of literature, the author’s central theme is to redefine these stereotypes. The narrative, â€Å"Only daughter†Read MoreMarketing Strategies For Young Girls1406 Words   |  6 Pagesappeal to the consumer’s mother. In the 2010 advertisement, the mother has a strong and visible presence alongside her daughter; the advertisement even speaks directly to the mother, and to the daughter, saying, â€Å"Ask your mom to visit AmericanGirl.com or the American Girl store† (Official American Girl). By speaking directly to the mother, the company sends a message of parental approval to other mothers who watch the commercial. It is understood that Generation X mothers have a strong desire to beRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African Americans1347 Words   |  6 Pagesmost common were by theatrical performances. Ever since the minstrelsy shows the negative stereotypes of African Americans seem to keep growing. According to the book Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks, â€Å"in almost every American movie in which a black had appeared, filmmakers had been trying to maintain the myth that Negroes were naturally rhythmic and natural-born entertainers.† There are many stereotypes that the film industry will never get tired of enforcing. In 2002 the film Paid In FullRead MoreMisconceptions About Working Parents1549 Words   |  7 Pages Misconceptions and stereotypes always seem to hinder peoples ideas about others. Many times these two separate terms are confused with each other. A misconception is a view that is incorrect because of faulty information. A stereotype is to believe all people of a certain group are the same because certain individuals in that group gave it that reputation. In modern day society we tend to over exaggerate when it comes to stereotypes. Events, languages, and behaviors all tend to make people alwaysRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Movie The Single Moms Club 1323 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia portrays more stereotypes than we can count on one hand. Latino’s and Latina’s are particularly stereotyped in media way too often. â€Å"This overview of the most common Hispanic stereotypes portrayed in the media reveals why sweeping generalizations about Latinos are harmful† (Nittle). Whether it is a male or female Latin actress/actor, the stereotypes rage from: La tin lovers and sexpot’s to thugs and immigrants. When in reality, not all Latino’s are what the stereotypes claim. Have you everRead MoreAnalysis Of On Being Told I Don t Speak Like A Black 932 Words   |  4 Pages Through out history society has created many stereotypes and assumptions based on race and nationality to confine us into categories. The reality is not every individual fits a specific category because we are unique even within the same ethnicity group. In â€Å"On Being Told I Don’t Speak Like a Black Person† Allison Joseph illustrates some speech stereotypes that come hand in hand with her racial background and how even people from the same racial background and house hold don’t all sound a like

The Armenian and Cambodian Genocides - 707 Words

Genocide Paper The definition of genocide, according to the United Nations, was the attempt to destroy â€Å"a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group† by killing members, causing mental or bodily harm, harsh living conditions, prevention of births, and separating children from their families. There are four patterns of genocide, which do not always occur in every genocide since they’re not all the same. The four patterns include persecution, which is hostility and ill-treatment, especially toward a specific race, political, or religious belief done by the ruler or government. Next is displacement or when a group of people is forced to leave their native country. Continuing, public humiliation is another pattern that freely shows off a group of people being tortured or persecuted in plain sight. Finally when selective groups of people face at terrible fate while another group is spared the same fate as them is selective murder. Those were the four, very cruel and unfair, patterns of genocide. The First Modern genocide was the Armenian Genocide, but what was the Armenian genocide? It was horrific acts committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian genocide was planned and administrated against the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire by the Turkish government. The Armenians were deported, starved, abducted, tortured and more. This devastating time lasted from 1915 through 1918. An estimated guess of around one and a half million ArmeniansShow MoreRelatedThe Cambodian Genocide And The Armenian Genocide2391 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cambodian Genocide and the Armenian Genocide have similar methods of how the victims were killed. They similarly murdered their victims, starved their victims and targeted government officials. They were different in that the Armenians were deported but the Khmer Rouge targeted Cambodians based of their class and had re-education camps. The Cambodian Genocide happened between 1975 and 1979 in Cambodia where the Khmer Rouge, a guerrilla group, over threw the government and started a regime toRead MoreThe Tragedy of the Armenians Genocide Essay examples603 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"A genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator†. (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, 2005). It is an inhumane thought that a particular group should be extinct because of the perpetrators outlook of that society. Learning about Adolf Hitler and the tragedy of the Holocaust, was a changing point to many, of how ones society could be exterminated because of one’s hair andRead MoreSurviving Children Who Now Have Posttraumatic Syndrome Disorder856 Words   |  4 Pagesof the movie, we knew little about how U.S. policies spilled over into Cambodia. The film made a human connection with the genocide of many Cambodians. The purpose was to shed light on the villains who were Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge (Magid 112). Another purpose was to bring the atrocities to the light. Another purpose of the film was to highlight the ravages of war, genocides, and mass murders. The purpose of the movie was to bring an emotional connection on a human level. The movies based on a trueRead More##hetorical Analysis Of Elie Wiesels The Perils Of Indifference746 Words   |  3 Pagesthe only genocide to have taken place in history. Many more have occurred like the Armenian genocide, Cambodian genocide, and Rw andan genocide. A commonality between all genocides is the lack of timely assistance in stopping the massacre and as Wiesel would likely say this is due to indifference. In the case of the Armenian genocide the Americans, Russians, Germans, and Turks witnessed the atrocity, yet hardly did much to stop it. â€Å"It is estimated that one and a half million Armenians perished betweenRead MoreThe Genocide Carried Out by Pol Pot917 Words   |  4 PagesNumerous genocides have occurred throughout the twentieth century, beginning with the Turkish genocide against the Armenians. One genocide in particular, the Cambodian genocide, is considered by many to be one of the most ruthless genocides of the twentieth century. The Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), better known as the Khmer Rouge, was led by a communist dictator known to the world as Pol Pot. His regime abused the Cambodian people at an unimaginable scale. His attempts to transform CambodiaRead MoreThe Death Toll Of The Genocide8 52 Words   |  4 Pagesrituals), is known as genocide, and this term did not exist before 1944. Usually the death toll of the genocide is in thousands and in some cases in millions. According to the Canadian scholars, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, they have identified four main types of genocide: first, Ideological: this type of genocide is committed in an effort to achieve an ideal social structure in which all members of society are alike or hold the same belief. For example the Armenian genocide in 1915, when the leadersRead MoreGenocide : The Worst Crimes Against Humanity And It Still Continues Today2115 Words   |  9 PagesApril 2016 Genocide: Genocide is one of the worst crimes against humanity and it still continues today. The definition of the word genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Compared with war crimes and crimes against humanity, genocide is generally regarded as the most offensive crime. Unlike war, where the attack is general and the object is often the control of a geographical or political region. Genocide attacks goRead MoreForeign Influence and Its Positive and Negative Impacts1285 Words   |  5 Pagesfighting and hatred. The majority of people believe that there isnt a specific cause for genocide. However – as shown by the Sudanese and Rwandan Genocides—foreign influence, and the absence of it, plays a big role in causing genocide. Before exmaning the effects of foriegn influence in causing genocide, it is important to understand the concepts of foreign influence and genocide. The UN defines genocide any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nationalRead MoreThe Carnage Of The Indians1575 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"unworthy† victims . . .† (26) Genocides, such as that of the Amerindians, show this grotesque train of thought in human beings. The dehumanization and murder of the Native Americans was nothing more than an action made by the Europeans to show their superiority they believed they possessed. Throughout history, this behavior can be seen in many tyrannical communities, such as those that ruled over the â€Å"Armenians, Jews, Gypsies, Tbos, Bengalis, Timorese, Cambodians, Ugandans, and others.† (4) AlthoughRead MoreThe Astonishing X-Men by Joss Whedon and John Cassaday Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesand standards view as a foe and weirdo. H istory played it’s stage and tells it’s truth. The Ottoman Empire feared of Armenian would join with the Russian and revolt against them and that leads to the genocide. Same horrific deeds were done by the Napoleon, the Spartans, Nazis, under Stalin’s Soviet Union, under Mao’s communist China, under Cambodian Khmer Rouge, the Rwandan genocide, religious, ideologies extremists, and fear that drives them mad and turning them into mass killing machines. President

Patient Satisfaction Free Essays

string(55) " deleterious effects on the infant population as well\." Patient satisfaction is critically important to the health care industry today due to the competitive nature of the field. Patients have many choices when it comes to seeking medical attention, and hospitals are dependent on return business to stay operational. Hospitals have traditionally utilized the semi-private room model in order to increase profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now A semi-private room is a room shared by two patients. Each patient is given their own bed, but they usually share a single bathroom. Unfortunately the financial practice of using semi-private rooms comes at the expense of patient satisfaction. Research has shown that private rooms increase patient satisfaction, because of the decreased likelihood of nosocomial infection, a quieter environment, and the inherent privacy afforded when conducting patient care. Nosocomial Infection Perhaps the biggest challenge facing healthcare today is the epidemic of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection. Patients come to the hospital for varying degrees of injury, or illness with the expectation of receiving medical treatment. What they are not expecting is exposure to potentially life threatening infections during their stay. According to a joint study by Jimma University and Addis Ababa University the most common causative agent found in nosocomial infection is Staphylococcus aureus. This harmful pathogen can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact. This means the pathogen can be transmitted by patient to patient contact, staff to patient contact, or the sharing of a common surface like a toilet seat (Bereket et al. , 2012). Patients in private rooms are far less likely to come into contact with each other, shared surfaces, or shared medical equipment all of which can harbor infectious microorganisms (Skocynska et al. , 2012). Standardizing the practice of private rooms can greatly reduce nosocomial infection rates within patient populations. Patient’s who contract nosocomial infection are bound to have lower satisfaction rates. By reducing the nosocomial infection rate hospitals can ensure increased patient satisfaction. To make matters worse strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are becoming commonplace. MRSA is easily transmittable and resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial agents (Bereket et al. , 2012). Nosocomial infections such as MRSA result in increased length of stay, higher morbidity rates, and increased cost of hospitalization. Recent studies have shown that each exposure to a new roommate in the hospital setting results in a 10% increase in the risk of acquiring MRSA (Stall, 2012). Private rooms eliminate the possibility of exposure to MRSA infection related to roommates in the hospital setting, which vastly reduces the rate of hospital acquired MRSA infections amongst all patient populations. Reducing the spread of MRSA can result in decreased length of stay, lower morbidity rates, and decreased cost of hospitalization. A hospital concerned about patient satisfaction can see the value that private rooms have to offer when it comes to reducing MRSA exposure. Proper hygiene is also of major concern where nosocomial infection is concerned. Unfortunately staff members are usually to blame for spreading infectious microorganisms from one patient to the next. Studies have shown healthcare professionals are more likely to perform hand hygiene between patient rooms rather than between beds in the same room (Bereket et al. , 2012). This is not necessarily due to a failing on the part of healthcare professionals, but a failing of healthcare systems utilizing semi private rooms. Take this scenario for instance: a nurse is working with a patient in a semiprivate room when suddenly the bed alarm goes off on the neighboring bed. The roommate is an elderly female with Alzheimer’s-dementia who recently fell at home and suffered a fractured hip. The nurse has already been in physical contact with one patient and now has to take action in order to prevent the roommate from falling. The nurse must act quickly to prevent a fall-related injury and does not have time to perform hand hygiene before assisting the roommate back to bed. This nurse would not have been put in such a position had her patients been placed in private rooms to begin with. Standardizing the use of private rooms prevents situations such as the above from occurring, promotes proper hand hygiene amongst healthcare professionals, and protects patients from unnecessary exposure to nosocomial infection. Peace and Quiet Nosocomial infection is not the only issue having a devastating effect on patient satisfaction. In fact the most common complaints in hospitals today are noise related (Eggertson, 2012). With patient satisfaction being of paramount importance hospital systems should be paying close attention to what bothers their patients. Loud roommates, visitors, medical alarms, and television sets can worsen an already noisy environment for a patient trying to get some much needed rest. Some patients need more frequent monitoring than others. A post-operative patient may need to have their vital signs checked hourly, a diabetic may need to have their blood sugars checked regularly, and a patient on a high risk infusion may need constant monitoring. This can be extremely disrupting for the patient in the neighboring bed. Some patient’s may also have numerous visitors, watch TV late at night, or be just generally disruptive to their neighbor. Private rooms may not address all noise complaints in the hospital, but will at the very least resolve those related to roommates. Considering this issue is the number one patient complaint in hospitals today it is guaranteed to increase patient satisfaction. In addition to being the number one patient complaint excessive noise has been proven to cause sleep disturbances in hospitalized patients. Sleep disturbances result in increased lengths of stay, increased morbidity, and higher costs of care (Buxton et al. , 2012). Patients recovering from surgery or acute illness need undisturbed rest periods for proper healing. An unnecessarily extended, complicated, and expensive hospital stay caused by sleep deprivation is extremely detrimental to patient satisfaction. Private rooms increase the quality of sleep, reduce lengths of stay, decrease morbidity, and result in a lower cost of care. These factors result in increased patient satisfaction. Noise-related issues in hospitals not only affect the adult population, but can have deleterious effects on the infant population as well. You read "Patient Satisfaction" in category "Papers" The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) often places infants in nurseries where multiple babies are cared for in the same room. NICUs consist of high risk infants with varying degrees of illness. Some of the infants being cared for require constant monitoring and intervention. This can result in a very ill infant receiving care that involves noisy alarms, life saving machinery, and ongoing care-related activity. The result is sleep disturbances, increased tress levels, and compromised healing processes for all infants in the room. Placing infants in private rooms eliminates the noise concerns created by the delivery of care for other infants and facilitates family interaction with the ill infant (Feldman, 2009). This results in better outcomes for the infants and happier parents. Considering the fact that infants are not old enough to make decisions regarding where to seek medical treatment, it is necessary for hospitals to recognize that parental perception of infant care is of paramount importance to patient satisfaction. Respecting Privacy Another large concern affecting patient satisfaction is related to patient privacy. In 1996 the U. S. Department of Health Human Services (HHS) instituted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in order to protect patient privacy (HHS, 2013). HIPAA violations can have a devastating effect on a hospital’s financial health, with each violation resulting in up to $1. 5 million in penalties annually (AMA, 2012). In a financially unstable economy with reimbursement rates at an all time low these penalties can add to existing budget deficits. Budget deficits in a healthcare system result in understaffing, which leads to disgruntled employees and higher patient-to-staff ratios. Understaffing leads to the degradation of patient care. A prime example of this is call bell response time. Patients do not appreciate having to wait twenty minutes for a staff member to respond to a call button. When there is a high patient to staff ratio the time it takes for staff to respond to each patient call lengthens. Unfortunately when hospital administrators make budget cuts, cutting staffing is usually where they begin. Private rooms can help prevent HIPAA violations from occurring during the delivery of care, which can save a hospital millions of dollars in penalties, and allow greater financial resources for staffing needs. A financially healthy hospital can afford to keep a reasonable patient-to-staff ratio, which allows for staff members to deliver quality care in a timely fashion, and results in greater patient satisfaction. The financial repercussions of HIPAA violations are not the only concern when it comes to patient privacy. Patient perception of measures taken to protect privacy during hospitalization has a great impact on patient satisfaction. Performing patient care while maintaining a patient’s right to privacy is nearly impossible in a semi-private room. A study conducted by Juliet Whitehead and Dr. Herman Wheeler shows that patients define and conceptualize privacy by the following criteria: â€Å"Privacy of information, e. g. having one’s conversation being not over heard. Privacy of person and body, e. g. not being viewed during one’s private moments. Having one’s own personal space. † (Whitehead Wheeler, 2008). The very concept of sharing a room with another person makes it extremely difficult to conceptualize having personal space. The delivery of care almost always involves private bodily functions and the sharing of private information. Privacy cannot be reasonably protected in the delivery of care when two patients share a room with nothing but a curtain separating them. Private rooms increase a patient’s perception of the privacy they experience during their stay, which is of great importance in increasing patient satisfaction levels. The most common form of HIPAA violations occur when healthcare is being delivered to a patient in the presence of others without obtaining the patient’s informed consent (Ziel, 2004). In a semi-private room a nurse has to ask her patient if it is OK to discuss details of the patient’s care in front of anyone who happens to be present at the moment. If the patient does not agree the nurse is required to provide a private setting in which to discuss, or deliver care. This means that if a patient is in a semi-private room the nurse is required to move her patient to a private area, or ask the roommate to leave while care is performed. In reality it does not happen this way in the hospital setting. Care is delivered regardless of whether or not there is a roommate present. Nurses do ask visitors to leave the room while delivering care if a patient requests, but do not ask other patients to do so. This means that privacy violations occur multiple times a day to patients in semi-private rooms. The use of private rooms makes it much easier to deliver care while protecting patient privacy and thereby increases patient satisfaction. Conclusion With the ever growing research indicating that private rooms increase patient satisfaction it is truly a wonder why some hospital systems continue to argue against the switch to private patient rooms. Whether by decreasing nosocomial infection rates, providing quieter environments, or increasing patient privacy the use of private rooms clearly has a positive impact on patient satisfaction. In an extremely competitive economy where patients have a choice where they will seek medical attention it seems only logical that patient satisfaction should be a top priority when considering the choice between private or semi-private rooms. Hospitals that chose to listen to their patient population will soon realize that private rooms result in greater patient satisfaction and return business. References American Medical Association (2013). HIPAA Violations and Enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billing-insurance/hipaahealth-insurance-portability-accountability-act/hipaa-violations-enforcement.page Bereket, W., Hemalatha, K., Getenet, B., Wondwossen, T., Solomon, A., Zeynudin, A., Kannan, S. (2012). Update on bacterial nosocomial infections.  European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences,  16(8), 1039-1044. Buxton, O., Ellenbogen, J., Wang, W., Carballeira, A., O’Connor, S., Cooper, D., †¦ Solet, J. (2012). Sleep disruption due to hospital noises: a prospective evaluation.  Annals of Internal Medicine,  157(3), 170-179. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-3-201208070-00472 Eggertson, L. (2012). Hospital noise.  The Canadian Nurse,  108(4), 28-31. Feldman, L. (2009). Patient safety. Private rooms becoming the standard in NICUs. Hospitals Health Networks/AHA, 83(11), 10. Lo renz, S., Dreher, H. (2011). Hospital room design and health outcomes of the aging adult.  Herd,  4(2), 23-35. SkoczyÅ„ska, A., Sadowy, E., Krawiecka, D., Czajkowska-Malinowska, M., Ciesielska, A., Przybylski, G., †¦ Hryniewicz, W. (2012). Nosocomial outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae Spain9VST15614 clone in a pulmonary diseases ward.  Polskie Archiwum Medycyny WewnÄ™trznej,  122(7-8), 361-366. Stall, N. (2012). Private rooms: a choice between infection and profit. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L’association How to cite Patient Satisfaction, Papers

Alcohol Use in Australia Problematic-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explore the literature on Problematic alcohol use in Australia. Answer: Alcohol consumption involves a noteworthy part in Australian culture and way of life. In 2014-15, 80.6% of Australians matured 18years and over had devoured liquor (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015). This has built a serious threat to the mental and physical health. In the essay an attempt will be made to explore the issue of alcohol misuse in Australia with statistical evidence, to identify the possible risk and protective factors, to discuss strategies of mental health promotion, negative consequences of alcohol misuse and with a mention to a specific program to discuss the responsibilities of the nurses in combating excessive alcohol use. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) has defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO 2001, p.1).It can be inferred from the definition that mental health and physical health are very closely related. Individual factors like daily life experiences, quality of social interaction, social structure, the cultural value all influence mental health (Lehtinen, Riikonen Lahtinen 1997; Lahtinen et al. 1999). The term determinant refers to the factors which either enhance or damages or threatens any condition. Determinants of health affect health status in either positive or negative way. Individual choice can go about as a standout amongst the most essential determinants of health. It includes smoking, intake of alcohol and other substances, choice of friend circle etc. The sense of subjective well-being is very much related to positive mental health. Mental health can affect every aspect of a human life. Mental health and well being are bi- directionally related. Mental health promotion is a is a sensible alternative within a public health approach over the life expectancy and crosswise over settings since it brings about improved mental health, alongside development of social and economic domain.(Albee Gulotta 1997; Durlak 1995; Price et al. 1992; Price et al. 1988; Hosman Llopis 1999; Hosman, Llopis Saxena 2004; Mrazek Haggerty 1994). In order to maintain positive mental health the conceivable hazard and defensive variables should be distinguished. Risk factors are those factors which make an individual more vulnerable toward developing an unhealthy behaviour such as personal characteristics, family condition, and environment of school or community. Protective factors are factors which can be addressed while dealing with pre existing risk factors and which can be considered as vital for coping strategies. Some of the common risk factors associated with alcohol consumption are: genetic predisposition to drinking (Boyd et al., 2005), history of physical and sexual abuse in childhood (Makhija, 2007 Langeland, 1998), Sensation seeking and impulsive personality types (Kuntsche et. al., 2006), early exposure of alcohol consumption behaviour among parents, grandparents and siblings (Hawkins et al., 1992) and peer pressure ( Borsari, 2004). The aim of prevention programs is to build the protective factors and to lessen the number of risk factors (Hawkins et al. 2002). It is found that early intervention strategies aimed at reduction of risk factors turned out to be more successful than later intervention strategies to change the life style of the individual toward a positive direction (Ialongo et al. 2001). Availability of alcohol / other drugs is another risk factor as people will get easy accessibility to drugs and alcohol (Hawkins et al., 1992). Some of the common protective factors are strong bonding among family members connectedness, positive parenting style, healthy school environment, connectedness with neighbors, supportive health care policies, positive individual qualities like confidence, positive associate etc. The components of family connectedness include affection, warmth, support the feeling of being understood and loved (Resnick, et al. 1997). Healthy school environment means fair treatment received from staffs and students, felling of safety. Connectedness in school can protect adolescents from health risks related to intake of including alcohol, drug (Society for Adolescent Medicine,2010) early sexual initiation.( Springer, 2001). Community protective factors include to the support and care received adults, other than family such as teachers , neighbors etc. Along with this a strong feeling of safety in the neighbourhood is also very important as a protective factor (Sampson, et al. (1997). Moreover local and state policies that maintain healthy norms in the society are also needed. (Eccle. Goodman ,2002). Protective individual factors include skills and competencies required for making correct choices, maintain healthy and positive relationship (Werner Smith,1992), good communicati on skills which enables one to communicate appropriately by keeping in mind the age, background and status of the people (Scales Leffert, 1999). Some of the other individual protective factors are, the ability to deal with conflict in a constructive way, empathy skills , the ability to maintain ones own position by resisting negative peer pressure etc. (Cohen Prinstein, 2006 , Burke, 2013). For promotion of mental health, information about the factors of mental health and mental health problems, socio economic status, gender, condition of daily life all are needed. In order to implement the strategies, for the sake of betterment of mental health those factors need to be identified, which are modifiable so that those can be used as the target factors in the intervention process. The contributory factors of mental health can be grouped into three elements: Individual factors , societal factors and cultural and political environment. Individual factors include the ability to manage conflict, gain from past understanding, the capacity to endure lifes uncertainty and unpredictability, the ability to regulate ones emotion and thought. Societal factors include quality of social bonding, opportunity to build secure relationship and strong emotional bonding with others, the benefit of having association with a person with whom a proper communication can take place etc. Environmental factors include adequate housing with safety at home and in the surrounding environment, right to equality in the field of education, work place, religion etc. In 1986 in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion WHO has specified five activity procedures that are recognized as the fundamental outline of health promotion strategy in numerous nations of the world. These are: To create healthy public policy, to develop individual abilities, formation of supportive environments , reorientation of health services and to strengthen group activities in the community One of the most effective strategies of health promotion is to apply Antonovskys Salutogenic approach that instead of breakdown, focuses on coping and instead of risk factors focuses on salutary factors. According to his view, coherence among the positive, neutral and negative consequences of stressors is vital for positive mental health. Optimism is a major component of coping strategy, specifically the ability to accept reality and belief o personal growth play dominant role for mental health (Scheier Carver 1992). In Australia alcohol consumption involves great concern. In 1996 Australia's rank was 20 th in the world on the premise of per capita alcohol consumption and the sum was 7.5 liters of total absolute alcohol consumption per capita every year (World Drink Patterns 1998). In 1998 the rate of consumption was 7.6 liters of absolute alcohol per capita every year (AIHW 1999). In the past few years the reports of various sources have reflected that the expanding extent of adolescents who consumes alcohol on consistent premise and the measure of alcohol consumption have made another record.(AIHW 2008; White and Hayman 2006; Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The young people of the age range 16 to 24 years are at high risk of alcohol intake related diseases and injury (AIHW 2006). The matter was in the headlines of Australian media also titled as teenage binge drinking and this has brought forth a great amount argument and debate regarding increasing legal age boundary of consumption of alcohol from 18 years to 21 years (Editor 2008; Toumbourou et al 2008). As per the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2015 the percentage of Australian aged 18 years and older was 80.6%. In 1998 The National Drug Strategy Household Survey found that 49% of the masses developed over 14 years fall the grouping of standard consumers (at least once a week)s and 32% of the popu lation fall under the class of incidental consumers (less than weekly). The rate of male drinkers (84%) was higher than that of the women (77%). According to the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015 and National Health Survey 2014-2015, 17.4% of adults surpassed the National Health and Medical Research Council lifetime risk guideline and the consumption rate of 44.0% adults was more than four standard drinks at least once in the past year, which exceeded the National Health and Medical Research Council single occasion risk guidelines. As alcohol can result in acute health problem and even long term harm, focus was given to the drinking pattern and also on rate of per capita consumption. The drinking pattern includes the time and place of drinking, the recurrence and attributes of substantial drinking events, characteristics of the person who drinks individually or the people who drink together, activities associated with drinking. In Australia the primary importance was not on primary health care rather it was on primary care. The word primary signifies entrance into health system. In the Bio-medical model, a common practice in the area of nursing and allied health. According to World Health Organizations (WHO) definition health promotion strategies capacitate people to be equipped with the abilities to have control over the determinants of health which will consequently results into improvement of health. (WHO, 1998). The three basic strategies of Health promotion are Advocacy i.e. to concentrate on making basic condition for health, empowering which aims at developing a way toward engaging individuals with the goal that they can accomplish their full wellbeing possibilities and mediating which refers to set up an association between various health related interests in the society. Some action plans are required to help the previously mentioned strategies. These are: To build healthy public policy, creation of supportive surroundings for improvement of health,to strengthen group activities in the community for health and to create individual abilities., re-orientation of health services.(Ottawa Charter,1986) From the action plans it is evident that health promotion concentrates not just on activities identified with reinforcing the individual aptitudes and abilities, however it likewise gives accentuation on activities which go for evolving social, ecological and economic conditions that have a great impact on individual and public health. According to Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions (2005) Primary care is the first contact in a given scene of ailment that leads to a choice with respect to a course of action to successfully deal with the health problem. Primary care regularly is given by a doctor yet essential care capacities are additionally given by medical attendants, especially by nurses. Australian nursing has set a good example of providing primary health care by considering health within the social culture of economy, political and environmental context. Like other health professionals, the nurses also provide health promotion, strategies for prevention assessment, care, treatment of illness and rehabilitation. In Australia, the vision of the nurses to provide a comprehensive primary health care strategy which encompasses the values and principals, like the care provided by the nurses should not be dominating rather it should be seen that the providers impose their values and wills. Primary health care is a kind of holistic approach which incorporates the body, mind, environment, culture and socio-economic status. It is based upon socially acceptable, practical and scientific method and technology. The main aim of selective primary healthcare is to minimize the rate of specific disease and the aim of comprehensive primary healthcare is improvement of overall health of the community. The strategies of selective primary healthcare includes concentrating on the remedial care with special consideration regarding prevention and promotion. The strategies of comprehensive primary health care include curative rehabilitation, prevention and promotion that look into the removal of root causes of diseases. The methods of curbing the habit of alcohol misuse must give focus on emotional wellbeing program along with mental health promotion, Identification and treatment of the underlined causes. The negative aftereffects of excessive alcohol use by adolescence are change of appetite, weight loss, eczema, headache, vomiting and disturbance in sleep (Zeigler et. al. , 2005).They may face car accident if they drive in an intoxicated condition(Bukstein, 1994). They are more likely to be vulnerable to brain damage and long lasting cognitive deficit due to excessive alcohol consumption (Zeigler et. al., 2005). Alcohol may increase feeling of depression and other mental health problem (Groves, Stanley Sher, 2007). Young people who consume more alcohol are expected to display aggressive behaviour. (Lange, 1998, Miller et al. , 2007) The responsibilities of the nurses by using the Ottawa Charter (Ottawa Charter,1986) as a framework are: To evaluate the health needs and provide fundamental information .The principal obligation of the nurses is to review the health needs of the individual and public at large and after that to give legitimate information, education and instruction which will help the general population to promote their health and practice self care at various periods of their life and to have the ability to cope with both intense and interminable wounds and disease. To adopt necessary health promotion strategies .Only imparting information will not help the people so it is the obligation of the nurses to attain specific competence and skill in health promotion so he/she can enact distinctive health promotion strategies which will then give assistance to individuals to fabricate the ability to control their own health and to settle on sound life decisions. To take part as an active member of inter-sectoral collaborations. In the primary health care system the contribution of the nurses is as partners, guides and collaborators because nurses contribute to health promotion to different inter linked sectors. The vision of the nurses is to provide a comprehensive primary health care in collaboration with the other departments. To spread awareness and handling multiple health determinants Nurses work in a variety of settings, so one of the greatest responsibilities of them is to bring issues to light of individuals about the nature of determinants of health and their changing pattern, the conceivable techniques to control them, and the nurse may likewise help individuals to conquer the obstacles to health promotion. To evaluate health promotion activities .In order to evaluate the validity of the health promotion strategies it is alluring for the nurse to incorporate evaluation strategies in the planning of health promotion activities. It will also help to modify the future activities according to the current trend of need. To collect new information along with comprehension on health promotion by research .In order to develop an evidence-based practice, a scientific data base is needed. The nurse can contribute significantly in this matter by taking part in conducting research and adding research findings to the existing information. To support the individual and community at political and social levels .Notwithstanding giving individual care, a nurse should remember the idea of social and community advancement, alterations of public and social policies related to the population at large So in conclusion it can be said that in Australian society, alcohol misuse is a typical issue of concern which can be addressed effectively inside a legitimate health promotion framework. Nurses assume a vital part in the health care system and the role of the nurses incorporates the best possible ramifications of the health promotion models and techniques for managing complex issues, for example, alcohol misuse. References Albee GW, Gullotta TP (1997). Primary prevention works. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. 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