Essay on Stereotypes of Mothers - 1069 Words

Stereotypes of Mothers Single mothers, young mothers, and mothers in general have stereotypes attached to them. When you walk into a store with your child, depending on which of those stereotypes you fall into, people treat you completely different from the way they would if you were without child. I have ventured out without my son and with him to get my own perspective on how sales people and the general public react to me; I have also observed how people react to other single mothers, married mothers and single people. I volunteered two of my friends to go with me each time to observe how other people acted toward me. From the reactions observed its obvious that people think that mothers, in general, are kind, loving, honest, and†¦show more content†¦People have pity for single mothers; they think they have it hard and that they’re needy. If you are a single mother and you wear expensive clothes or carry expensive purses or drive and expensive car, people look down on you. They have said to me personally, â€Å"why do you have a Prada purse if you have a child and are in school?† like I’m not suppose to be able to afford these things. At the Fendi outlet in DC the sales women were all over the women who came in without children, showing all the new spring and summer styles, offering to show the sunglasses they were looking at in the show case and so on. They wanted to sell; they took them serious as a consumer. Three days later in the same store but with a child, the sales staff reacted differently. They acknowledged women with children and continued what they w ere doing. The only effort they made to sell to them and help them with what they wanted was a simple, â€Å"if there is anything we can help you with please let one of us know.† I hadn’t told my friend what I was doing this time, I wanted to see if it would be noticeable without being brought to attention what my hypothesis was; when we walked out, he looked at me and said, â€Å"I can’t believe that. They were so rude to you and just the other day they were all over you like white on rice.† I told him what I was doing and he couldn’t believe how differently the same people reacted to meShow MoreRelatedThe Nagging Mother Stereotype1795 Words   |  8 PagesCross-Cultural Encounters† Seminar The Jewish Nagging Mother Stereotype in Delmore Schwartz` â€Å"America! America!† The Jewish nagging mother stereotype is a concept that started developing at the beginning of the 20th century in America. This stereotype was constantly remodeled to suit a variety of circumstances in the development of the Jewish society. â€Å"Excessive, overprotective, neurotically anxious, and ever present, the Jewish mother became a scapegoat for ambivalent and hostile sentimentsRead MoreEssay on Gender Stereotypes in T.V. Show How I Met Your Mother1421 Words   |  6 PagesMy chosen scene is from a popular T.V. show called How I Met Your Mother. This show goes with gender stereotypes and goes against gender stereotypes. The show is about a group of friends, Lily and Marshall being an engaged/married couple, Barney the single â€Å"player†, Robin a Canadian tomboy, and Ted the main character, who is a hopeless romantic trying to find true love in New York City. Ted, over the past couple episodes meets a girl and she becomes his girlfriend. In the meantime, he’s spendingRead MoreStereotypes As A Cause Of Identity1183 Words   |  5 Pages When it comes to the topic of stereotypes, most of us will readily agree that each and everyone of us fits into at least one of them regarding our gender, age, race, and more. Where this agreement usually develops is on the question of whether or not we know how to respond to these stereotypes. Therefore, it can be said that the stereotypes imposed on one individual can cause him or her to stimulate personal insecurities as a young person. Yet, as they mature, they are able to realize that one canRead More Stereotyping in Mona in the Promised Land Essay657 Words   |  3 Pagesin the Promised Land, the main characters are faced with stereotypes which they cannot control. Stereotypes in society shape the way people are perceived. Everyone deals with their stereotypes in a different way. The two characters who deal with the most stereotypes are Mona, and Barbara. According to their stereotypes, Barbara is a better all around person than Mona, due to her social class, but when it comes to dealing with stereotypes Mona is a much stronger individual. Like all people, MonaRead MoreSandra Cisneross Only Daughter AndMy Mother Never Worked952 Words   |  4 PagesCisneros, and in the story, â€Å"My Mother Never Worked†, by Bonnie Smith-Yackel, the authors redefine stereotypes of women. Sandra Cisneros endured many hardships throughout her childhood since, she is a female and females were degraded in her society. Smith-Yackel is horrified to find out that her mother is considered to have â€Å"never worked†, because she did not have a formal job. In both these works of literature, the author’s central theme is to redefine these stereotypes. The narrative, â€Å"Only daughter†Read MoreMarketing Strategies For Young Girls1406 Words   |  6 Pagesappeal to the consumer’s mother. In the 2010 advertisement, the mother has a strong and visible presence alongside her daughter; the advertisement even speaks directly to the mother, and to the daughter, saying, â€Å"Ask your mom to visit AmericanGirl.com or the American Girl store† (Official American Girl). By speaking directly to the mother, the company sends a message of parental approval to other mothers who watch the commercial. It is understood that Generation X mothers have a strong desire to beRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African Americans1347 Words   |  6 Pagesmost common were by theatrical performances. Ever since the minstrelsy shows the negative stereotypes of African Americans seem to keep growing. According to the book Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks, â€Å"in almost every American movie in which a black had appeared, filmmakers had been trying to maintain the myth that Negroes were naturally rhythmic and natural-born entertainers.† There are many stereotypes that the film industry will never get tired of enforcing. In 2002 the film Paid In FullRead MoreMisconceptions About Working Parents1549 Words   |  7 Pages Misconceptions and stereotypes always seem to hinder peoples ideas about others. Many times these two separate terms are confused with each other. A misconception is a view that is incorrect because of faulty information. A stereotype is to believe all people of a certain group are the same because certain individuals in that group gave it that reputation. In modern day society we tend to over exaggerate when it comes to stereotypes. Events, languages, and behaviors all tend to make people alwaysRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Movie The Single Moms Club 1323 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia portrays more stereotypes than we can count on one hand. Latino’s and Latina’s are particularly stereotyped in media way too often. â€Å"This overview of the most common Hispanic stereotypes portrayed in the media reveals why sweeping generalizations about Latinos are harmful† (Nittle). Whether it is a male or female Latin actress/actor, the stereotypes rage from: La tin lovers and sexpot’s to thugs and immigrants. When in reality, not all Latino’s are what the stereotypes claim. Have you everRead MoreAnalysis Of On Being Told I Don t Speak Like A Black 932 Words   |  4 Pages Through out history society has created many stereotypes and assumptions based on race and nationality to confine us into categories. The reality is not every individual fits a specific category because we are unique even within the same ethnicity group. In â€Å"On Being Told I Don’t Speak Like a Black Person† Allison Joseph illustrates some speech stereotypes that come hand in hand with her racial background and how even people from the same racial background and house hold don’t all sound a like

The Armenian and Cambodian Genocides - 707 Words

Genocide Paper The definition of genocide, according to the United Nations, was the attempt to destroy â€Å"a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group† by killing members, causing mental or bodily harm, harsh living conditions, prevention of births, and separating children from their families. There are four patterns of genocide, which do not always occur in every genocide since they’re not all the same. The four patterns include persecution, which is hostility and ill-treatment, especially toward a specific race, political, or religious belief done by the ruler or government. Next is displacement or when a group of people is forced to leave their native country. Continuing, public humiliation is another pattern that freely shows off a group of people being tortured or persecuted in plain sight. Finally when selective groups of people face at terrible fate while another group is spared the same fate as them is selective murder. Those were the four, very cruel and unfair, patterns of genocide. The First Modern genocide was the Armenian Genocide, but what was the Armenian genocide? It was horrific acts committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian genocide was planned and administrated against the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire by the Turkish government. The Armenians were deported, starved, abducted, tortured and more. This devastating time lasted from 1915 through 1918. An estimated guess of around one and a half million ArmeniansShow MoreRelatedThe Cambodian Genocide And The Armenian Genocide2391 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cambodian Genocide and the Armenian Genocide have similar methods of how the victims were killed. They similarly murdered their victims, starved their victims and targeted government officials. They were different in that the Armenians were deported but the Khmer Rouge targeted Cambodians based of their class and had re-education camps. The Cambodian Genocide happened between 1975 and 1979 in Cambodia where the Khmer Rouge, a guerrilla group, over threw the government and started a regime toRead MoreThe Tragedy of the Armenians Genocide Essay examples603 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"A genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator†. (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, 2005). It is an inhumane thought that a particular group should be extinct because of the perpetrators outlook of that society. Learning about Adolf Hitler and the tragedy of the Holocaust, was a changing point to many, of how ones society could be exterminated because of one’s hair andRead MoreSurviving Children Who Now Have Posttraumatic Syndrome Disorder856 Words   |  4 Pagesof the movie, we knew little about how U.S. policies spilled over into Cambodia. The film made a human connection with the genocide of many Cambodians. The purpose was to shed light on the villains who were Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge (Magid 112). Another purpose was to bring the atrocities to the light. Another purpose of the film was to highlight the ravages of war, genocides, and mass murders. The purpose of the movie was to bring an emotional connection on a human level. The movies based on a trueRead More##hetorical Analysis Of Elie Wiesels The Perils Of Indifference746 Words   |  3 Pagesthe only genocide to have taken place in history. Many more have occurred like the Armenian genocide, Cambodian genocide, and Rw andan genocide. A commonality between all genocides is the lack of timely assistance in stopping the massacre and as Wiesel would likely say this is due to indifference. In the case of the Armenian genocide the Americans, Russians, Germans, and Turks witnessed the atrocity, yet hardly did much to stop it. â€Å"It is estimated that one and a half million Armenians perished betweenRead MoreThe Genocide Carried Out by Pol Pot917 Words   |  4 PagesNumerous genocides have occurred throughout the twentieth century, beginning with the Turkish genocide against the Armenians. One genocide in particular, the Cambodian genocide, is considered by many to be one of the most ruthless genocides of the twentieth century. The Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), better known as the Khmer Rouge, was led by a communist dictator known to the world as Pol Pot. His regime abused the Cambodian people at an unimaginable scale. His attempts to transform CambodiaRead MoreThe Death Toll Of The Genocide8 52 Words   |  4 Pagesrituals), is known as genocide, and this term did not exist before 1944. Usually the death toll of the genocide is in thousands and in some cases in millions. According to the Canadian scholars, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, they have identified four main types of genocide: first, Ideological: this type of genocide is committed in an effort to achieve an ideal social structure in which all members of society are alike or hold the same belief. For example the Armenian genocide in 1915, when the leadersRead MoreGenocide : The Worst Crimes Against Humanity And It Still Continues Today2115 Words   |  9 PagesApril 2016 Genocide: Genocide is one of the worst crimes against humanity and it still continues today. The definition of the word genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Compared with war crimes and crimes against humanity, genocide is generally regarded as the most offensive crime. Unlike war, where the attack is general and the object is often the control of a geographical or political region. Genocide attacks goRead MoreForeign Influence and Its Positive and Negative Impacts1285 Words   |  5 Pagesfighting and hatred. The majority of people believe that there isnt a specific cause for genocide. However – as shown by the Sudanese and Rwandan Genocides—foreign influence, and the absence of it, plays a big role in causing genocide. Before exmaning the effects of foriegn influence in causing genocide, it is important to understand the concepts of foreign influence and genocide. The UN defines genocide any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nationalRead MoreThe Carnage Of The Indians1575 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"unworthy† victims . . .† (26) Genocides, such as that of the Amerindians, show this grotesque train of thought in human beings. The dehumanization and murder of the Native Americans was nothing more than an action made by the Europeans to show their superiority they believed they possessed. Throughout history, this behavior can be seen in many tyrannical communities, such as those that ruled over the â€Å"Armenians, Jews, Gypsies, Tbos, Bengalis, Timorese, Cambodians, Ugandans, and others.† (4) AlthoughRead MoreThe Astonishing X-Men by Joss Whedon and John Cassaday Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesand standards view as a foe and weirdo. H istory played it’s stage and tells it’s truth. The Ottoman Empire feared of Armenian would join with the Russian and revolt against them and that leads to the genocide. Same horrific deeds were done by the Napoleon, the Spartans, Nazis, under Stalin’s Soviet Union, under Mao’s communist China, under Cambodian Khmer Rouge, the Rwandan genocide, religious, ideologies extremists, and fear that drives them mad and turning them into mass killing machines. President

Patient Satisfaction Free Essays

string(55) " deleterious effects on the infant population as well\." Patient satisfaction is critically important to the health care industry today due to the competitive nature of the field. Patients have many choices when it comes to seeking medical attention, and hospitals are dependent on return business to stay operational. Hospitals have traditionally utilized the semi-private room model in order to increase profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now A semi-private room is a room shared by two patients. Each patient is given their own bed, but they usually share a single bathroom. Unfortunately the financial practice of using semi-private rooms comes at the expense of patient satisfaction. Research has shown that private rooms increase patient satisfaction, because of the decreased likelihood of nosocomial infection, a quieter environment, and the inherent privacy afforded when conducting patient care. Nosocomial Infection Perhaps the biggest challenge facing healthcare today is the epidemic of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection. Patients come to the hospital for varying degrees of injury, or illness with the expectation of receiving medical treatment. What they are not expecting is exposure to potentially life threatening infections during their stay. According to a joint study by Jimma University and Addis Ababa University the most common causative agent found in nosocomial infection is Staphylococcus aureus. This harmful pathogen can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact. This means the pathogen can be transmitted by patient to patient contact, staff to patient contact, or the sharing of a common surface like a toilet seat (Bereket et al. , 2012). Patients in private rooms are far less likely to come into contact with each other, shared surfaces, or shared medical equipment all of which can harbor infectious microorganisms (Skocynska et al. , 2012). Standardizing the practice of private rooms can greatly reduce nosocomial infection rates within patient populations. Patient’s who contract nosocomial infection are bound to have lower satisfaction rates. By reducing the nosocomial infection rate hospitals can ensure increased patient satisfaction. To make matters worse strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are becoming commonplace. MRSA is easily transmittable and resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial agents (Bereket et al. , 2012). Nosocomial infections such as MRSA result in increased length of stay, higher morbidity rates, and increased cost of hospitalization. Recent studies have shown that each exposure to a new roommate in the hospital setting results in a 10% increase in the risk of acquiring MRSA (Stall, 2012). Private rooms eliminate the possibility of exposure to MRSA infection related to roommates in the hospital setting, which vastly reduces the rate of hospital acquired MRSA infections amongst all patient populations. Reducing the spread of MRSA can result in decreased length of stay, lower morbidity rates, and decreased cost of hospitalization. A hospital concerned about patient satisfaction can see the value that private rooms have to offer when it comes to reducing MRSA exposure. Proper hygiene is also of major concern where nosocomial infection is concerned. Unfortunately staff members are usually to blame for spreading infectious microorganisms from one patient to the next. Studies have shown healthcare professionals are more likely to perform hand hygiene between patient rooms rather than between beds in the same room (Bereket et al. , 2012). This is not necessarily due to a failing on the part of healthcare professionals, but a failing of healthcare systems utilizing semi private rooms. Take this scenario for instance: a nurse is working with a patient in a semiprivate room when suddenly the bed alarm goes off on the neighboring bed. The roommate is an elderly female with Alzheimer’s-dementia who recently fell at home and suffered a fractured hip. The nurse has already been in physical contact with one patient and now has to take action in order to prevent the roommate from falling. The nurse must act quickly to prevent a fall-related injury and does not have time to perform hand hygiene before assisting the roommate back to bed. This nurse would not have been put in such a position had her patients been placed in private rooms to begin with. Standardizing the use of private rooms prevents situations such as the above from occurring, promotes proper hand hygiene amongst healthcare professionals, and protects patients from unnecessary exposure to nosocomial infection. Peace and Quiet Nosocomial infection is not the only issue having a devastating effect on patient satisfaction. In fact the most common complaints in hospitals today are noise related (Eggertson, 2012). With patient satisfaction being of paramount importance hospital systems should be paying close attention to what bothers their patients. Loud roommates, visitors, medical alarms, and television sets can worsen an already noisy environment for a patient trying to get some much needed rest. Some patients need more frequent monitoring than others. A post-operative patient may need to have their vital signs checked hourly, a diabetic may need to have their blood sugars checked regularly, and a patient on a high risk infusion may need constant monitoring. This can be extremely disrupting for the patient in the neighboring bed. Some patient’s may also have numerous visitors, watch TV late at night, or be just generally disruptive to their neighbor. Private rooms may not address all noise complaints in the hospital, but will at the very least resolve those related to roommates. Considering this issue is the number one patient complaint in hospitals today it is guaranteed to increase patient satisfaction. In addition to being the number one patient complaint excessive noise has been proven to cause sleep disturbances in hospitalized patients. Sleep disturbances result in increased lengths of stay, increased morbidity, and higher costs of care (Buxton et al. , 2012). Patients recovering from surgery or acute illness need undisturbed rest periods for proper healing. An unnecessarily extended, complicated, and expensive hospital stay caused by sleep deprivation is extremely detrimental to patient satisfaction. Private rooms increase the quality of sleep, reduce lengths of stay, decrease morbidity, and result in a lower cost of care. These factors result in increased patient satisfaction. Noise-related issues in hospitals not only affect the adult population, but can have deleterious effects on the infant population as well. You read "Patient Satisfaction" in category "Papers" The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) often places infants in nurseries where multiple babies are cared for in the same room. NICUs consist of high risk infants with varying degrees of illness. Some of the infants being cared for require constant monitoring and intervention. This can result in a very ill infant receiving care that involves noisy alarms, life saving machinery, and ongoing care-related activity. The result is sleep disturbances, increased tress levels, and compromised healing processes for all infants in the room. Placing infants in private rooms eliminates the noise concerns created by the delivery of care for other infants and facilitates family interaction with the ill infant (Feldman, 2009). This results in better outcomes for the infants and happier parents. Considering the fact that infants are not old enough to make decisions regarding where to seek medical treatment, it is necessary for hospitals to recognize that parental perception of infant care is of paramount importance to patient satisfaction. Respecting Privacy Another large concern affecting patient satisfaction is related to patient privacy. In 1996 the U. S. Department of Health Human Services (HHS) instituted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in order to protect patient privacy (HHS, 2013). HIPAA violations can have a devastating effect on a hospital’s financial health, with each violation resulting in up to $1. 5 million in penalties annually (AMA, 2012). In a financially unstable economy with reimbursement rates at an all time low these penalties can add to existing budget deficits. Budget deficits in a healthcare system result in understaffing, which leads to disgruntled employees and higher patient-to-staff ratios. Understaffing leads to the degradation of patient care. A prime example of this is call bell response time. Patients do not appreciate having to wait twenty minutes for a staff member to respond to a call button. When there is a high patient to staff ratio the time it takes for staff to respond to each patient call lengthens. Unfortunately when hospital administrators make budget cuts, cutting staffing is usually where they begin. Private rooms can help prevent HIPAA violations from occurring during the delivery of care, which can save a hospital millions of dollars in penalties, and allow greater financial resources for staffing needs. A financially healthy hospital can afford to keep a reasonable patient-to-staff ratio, which allows for staff members to deliver quality care in a timely fashion, and results in greater patient satisfaction. The financial repercussions of HIPAA violations are not the only concern when it comes to patient privacy. Patient perception of measures taken to protect privacy during hospitalization has a great impact on patient satisfaction. Performing patient care while maintaining a patient’s right to privacy is nearly impossible in a semi-private room. A study conducted by Juliet Whitehead and Dr. Herman Wheeler shows that patients define and conceptualize privacy by the following criteria: â€Å"Privacy of information, e. g. having one’s conversation being not over heard. Privacy of person and body, e. g. not being viewed during one’s private moments. Having one’s own personal space. † (Whitehead Wheeler, 2008). The very concept of sharing a room with another person makes it extremely difficult to conceptualize having personal space. The delivery of care almost always involves private bodily functions and the sharing of private information. Privacy cannot be reasonably protected in the delivery of care when two patients share a room with nothing but a curtain separating them. Private rooms increase a patient’s perception of the privacy they experience during their stay, which is of great importance in increasing patient satisfaction levels. The most common form of HIPAA violations occur when healthcare is being delivered to a patient in the presence of others without obtaining the patient’s informed consent (Ziel, 2004). In a semi-private room a nurse has to ask her patient if it is OK to discuss details of the patient’s care in front of anyone who happens to be present at the moment. If the patient does not agree the nurse is required to provide a private setting in which to discuss, or deliver care. This means that if a patient is in a semi-private room the nurse is required to move her patient to a private area, or ask the roommate to leave while care is performed. In reality it does not happen this way in the hospital setting. Care is delivered regardless of whether or not there is a roommate present. Nurses do ask visitors to leave the room while delivering care if a patient requests, but do not ask other patients to do so. This means that privacy violations occur multiple times a day to patients in semi-private rooms. The use of private rooms makes it much easier to deliver care while protecting patient privacy and thereby increases patient satisfaction. Conclusion With the ever growing research indicating that private rooms increase patient satisfaction it is truly a wonder why some hospital systems continue to argue against the switch to private patient rooms. Whether by decreasing nosocomial infection rates, providing quieter environments, or increasing patient privacy the use of private rooms clearly has a positive impact on patient satisfaction. In an extremely competitive economy where patients have a choice where they will seek medical attention it seems only logical that patient satisfaction should be a top priority when considering the choice between private or semi-private rooms. Hospitals that chose to listen to their patient population will soon realize that private rooms result in greater patient satisfaction and return business. References American Medical Association (2013). HIPAA Violations and Enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billing-insurance/hipaahealth-insurance-portability-accountability-act/hipaa-violations-enforcement.page Bereket, W., Hemalatha, K., Getenet, B., Wondwossen, T., Solomon, A., Zeynudin, A., Kannan, S. (2012). Update on bacterial nosocomial infections.  European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences,  16(8), 1039-1044. Buxton, O., Ellenbogen, J., Wang, W., Carballeira, A., O’Connor, S., Cooper, D., †¦ Solet, J. (2012). Sleep disruption due to hospital noises: a prospective evaluation.  Annals of Internal Medicine,  157(3), 170-179. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-3-201208070-00472 Eggertson, L. (2012). Hospital noise.  The Canadian Nurse,  108(4), 28-31. Feldman, L. (2009). Patient safety. Private rooms becoming the standard in NICUs. Hospitals Health Networks/AHA, 83(11), 10. Lo renz, S., Dreher, H. (2011). Hospital room design and health outcomes of the aging adult.  Herd,  4(2), 23-35. SkoczyÅ„ska, A., Sadowy, E., Krawiecka, D., Czajkowska-Malinowska, M., Ciesielska, A., Przybylski, G., †¦ Hryniewicz, W. (2012). Nosocomial outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae Spain9VST15614 clone in a pulmonary diseases ward.  Polskie Archiwum Medycyny WewnÄ™trznej,  122(7-8), 361-366. Stall, N. (2012). Private rooms: a choice between infection and profit. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L’association How to cite Patient Satisfaction, Papers

Alcohol Use in Australia Problematic-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explore the literature on Problematic alcohol use in Australia. Answer: Alcohol consumption involves a noteworthy part in Australian culture and way of life. In 2014-15, 80.6% of Australians matured 18years and over had devoured liquor (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015). This has built a serious threat to the mental and physical health. In the essay an attempt will be made to explore the issue of alcohol misuse in Australia with statistical evidence, to identify the possible risk and protective factors, to discuss strategies of mental health promotion, negative consequences of alcohol misuse and with a mention to a specific program to discuss the responsibilities of the nurses in combating excessive alcohol use. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) has defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO 2001, p.1).It can be inferred from the definition that mental health and physical health are very closely related. Individual factors like daily life experiences, quality of social interaction, social structure, the cultural value all influence mental health (Lehtinen, Riikonen Lahtinen 1997; Lahtinen et al. 1999). The term determinant refers to the factors which either enhance or damages or threatens any condition. Determinants of health affect health status in either positive or negative way. Individual choice can go about as a standout amongst the most essential determinants of health. It includes smoking, intake of alcohol and other substances, choice of friend circle etc. The sense of subjective well-being is very much related to positive mental health. Mental health can affect every aspect of a human life. Mental health and well being are bi- directionally related. Mental health promotion is a is a sensible alternative within a public health approach over the life expectancy and crosswise over settings since it brings about improved mental health, alongside development of social and economic domain.(Albee Gulotta 1997; Durlak 1995; Price et al. 1992; Price et al. 1988; Hosman Llopis 1999; Hosman, Llopis Saxena 2004; Mrazek Haggerty 1994). In order to maintain positive mental health the conceivable hazard and defensive variables should be distinguished. Risk factors are those factors which make an individual more vulnerable toward developing an unhealthy behaviour such as personal characteristics, family condition, and environment of school or community. Protective factors are factors which can be addressed while dealing with pre existing risk factors and which can be considered as vital for coping strategies. Some of the common risk factors associated with alcohol consumption are: genetic predisposition to drinking (Boyd et al., 2005), history of physical and sexual abuse in childhood (Makhija, 2007 Langeland, 1998), Sensation seeking and impulsive personality types (Kuntsche et. al., 2006), early exposure of alcohol consumption behaviour among parents, grandparents and siblings (Hawkins et al., 1992) and peer pressure ( Borsari, 2004). The aim of prevention programs is to build the protective factors and to lessen the number of risk factors (Hawkins et al. 2002). It is found that early intervention strategies aimed at reduction of risk factors turned out to be more successful than later intervention strategies to change the life style of the individual toward a positive direction (Ialongo et al. 2001). Availability of alcohol / other drugs is another risk factor as people will get easy accessibility to drugs and alcohol (Hawkins et al., 1992). Some of the common protective factors are strong bonding among family members connectedness, positive parenting style, healthy school environment, connectedness with neighbors, supportive health care policies, positive individual qualities like confidence, positive associate etc. The components of family connectedness include affection, warmth, support the feeling of being understood and loved (Resnick, et al. 1997). Healthy school environment means fair treatment received from staffs and students, felling of safety. Connectedness in school can protect adolescents from health risks related to intake of including alcohol, drug (Society for Adolescent Medicine,2010) early sexual initiation.( Springer, 2001). Community protective factors include to the support and care received adults, other than family such as teachers , neighbors etc. Along with this a strong feeling of safety in the neighbourhood is also very important as a protective factor (Sampson, et al. (1997). Moreover local and state policies that maintain healthy norms in the society are also needed. (Eccle. Goodman ,2002). Protective individual factors include skills and competencies required for making correct choices, maintain healthy and positive relationship (Werner Smith,1992), good communicati on skills which enables one to communicate appropriately by keeping in mind the age, background and status of the people (Scales Leffert, 1999). Some of the other individual protective factors are, the ability to deal with conflict in a constructive way, empathy skills , the ability to maintain ones own position by resisting negative peer pressure etc. (Cohen Prinstein, 2006 , Burke, 2013). For promotion of mental health, information about the factors of mental health and mental health problems, socio economic status, gender, condition of daily life all are needed. In order to implement the strategies, for the sake of betterment of mental health those factors need to be identified, which are modifiable so that those can be used as the target factors in the intervention process. The contributory factors of mental health can be grouped into three elements: Individual factors , societal factors and cultural and political environment. Individual factors include the ability to manage conflict, gain from past understanding, the capacity to endure lifes uncertainty and unpredictability, the ability to regulate ones emotion and thought. Societal factors include quality of social bonding, opportunity to build secure relationship and strong emotional bonding with others, the benefit of having association with a person with whom a proper communication can take place etc. Environmental factors include adequate housing with safety at home and in the surrounding environment, right to equality in the field of education, work place, religion etc. In 1986 in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion WHO has specified five activity procedures that are recognized as the fundamental outline of health promotion strategy in numerous nations of the world. These are: To create healthy public policy, to develop individual abilities, formation of supportive environments , reorientation of health services and to strengthen group activities in the community One of the most effective strategies of health promotion is to apply Antonovskys Salutogenic approach that instead of breakdown, focuses on coping and instead of risk factors focuses on salutary factors. According to his view, coherence among the positive, neutral and negative consequences of stressors is vital for positive mental health. Optimism is a major component of coping strategy, specifically the ability to accept reality and belief o personal growth play dominant role for mental health (Scheier Carver 1992). In Australia alcohol consumption involves great concern. In 1996 Australia's rank was 20 th in the world on the premise of per capita alcohol consumption and the sum was 7.5 liters of total absolute alcohol consumption per capita every year (World Drink Patterns 1998). In 1998 the rate of consumption was 7.6 liters of absolute alcohol per capita every year (AIHW 1999). In the past few years the reports of various sources have reflected that the expanding extent of adolescents who consumes alcohol on consistent premise and the measure of alcohol consumption have made another record.(AIHW 2008; White and Hayman 2006; Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The young people of the age range 16 to 24 years are at high risk of alcohol intake related diseases and injury (AIHW 2006). The matter was in the headlines of Australian media also titled as teenage binge drinking and this has brought forth a great amount argument and debate regarding increasing legal age boundary of consumption of alcohol from 18 years to 21 years (Editor 2008; Toumbourou et al 2008). As per the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2015 the percentage of Australian aged 18 years and older was 80.6%. In 1998 The National Drug Strategy Household Survey found that 49% of the masses developed over 14 years fall the grouping of standard consumers (at least once a week)s and 32% of the popu lation fall under the class of incidental consumers (less than weekly). The rate of male drinkers (84%) was higher than that of the women (77%). According to the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015 and National Health Survey 2014-2015, 17.4% of adults surpassed the National Health and Medical Research Council lifetime risk guideline and the consumption rate of 44.0% adults was more than four standard drinks at least once in the past year, which exceeded the National Health and Medical Research Council single occasion risk guidelines. As alcohol can result in acute health problem and even long term harm, focus was given to the drinking pattern and also on rate of per capita consumption. The drinking pattern includes the time and place of drinking, the recurrence and attributes of substantial drinking events, characteristics of the person who drinks individually or the people who drink together, activities associated with drinking. In Australia the primary importance was not on primary health care rather it was on primary care. The word primary signifies entrance into health system. In the Bio-medical model, a common practice in the area of nursing and allied health. According to World Health Organizations (WHO) definition health promotion strategies capacitate people to be equipped with the abilities to have control over the determinants of health which will consequently results into improvement of health. (WHO, 1998). The three basic strategies of Health promotion are Advocacy i.e. to concentrate on making basic condition for health, empowering which aims at developing a way toward engaging individuals with the goal that they can accomplish their full wellbeing possibilities and mediating which refers to set up an association between various health related interests in the society. Some action plans are required to help the previously mentioned strategies. These are: To build healthy public policy, creation of supportive surroundings for improvement of health,to strengthen group activities in the community for health and to create individual abilities., re-orientation of health services.(Ottawa Charter,1986) From the action plans it is evident that health promotion concentrates not just on activities identified with reinforcing the individual aptitudes and abilities, however it likewise gives accentuation on activities which go for evolving social, ecological and economic conditions that have a great impact on individual and public health. According to Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions (2005) Primary care is the first contact in a given scene of ailment that leads to a choice with respect to a course of action to successfully deal with the health problem. Primary care regularly is given by a doctor yet essential care capacities are additionally given by medical attendants, especially by nurses. Australian nursing has set a good example of providing primary health care by considering health within the social culture of economy, political and environmental context. Like other health professionals, the nurses also provide health promotion, strategies for prevention assessment, care, treatment of illness and rehabilitation. In Australia, the vision of the nurses to provide a comprehensive primary health care strategy which encompasses the values and principals, like the care provided by the nurses should not be dominating rather it should be seen that the providers impose their values and wills. Primary health care is a kind of holistic approach which incorporates the body, mind, environment, culture and socio-economic status. It is based upon socially acceptable, practical and scientific method and technology. The main aim of selective primary healthcare is to minimize the rate of specific disease and the aim of comprehensive primary healthcare is improvement of overall health of the community. The strategies of selective primary healthcare includes concentrating on the remedial care with special consideration regarding prevention and promotion. The strategies of comprehensive primary health care include curative rehabilitation, prevention and promotion that look into the removal of root causes of diseases. The methods of curbing the habit of alcohol misuse must give focus on emotional wellbeing program along with mental health promotion, Identification and treatment of the underlined causes. The negative aftereffects of excessive alcohol use by adolescence are change of appetite, weight loss, eczema, headache, vomiting and disturbance in sleep (Zeigler et. al. , 2005).They may face car accident if they drive in an intoxicated condition(Bukstein, 1994). They are more likely to be vulnerable to brain damage and long lasting cognitive deficit due to excessive alcohol consumption (Zeigler et. al., 2005). Alcohol may increase feeling of depression and other mental health problem (Groves, Stanley Sher, 2007). Young people who consume more alcohol are expected to display aggressive behaviour. (Lange, 1998, Miller et al. , 2007) The responsibilities of the nurses by using the Ottawa Charter (Ottawa Charter,1986) as a framework are: To evaluate the health needs and provide fundamental information .The principal obligation of the nurses is to review the health needs of the individual and public at large and after that to give legitimate information, education and instruction which will help the general population to promote their health and practice self care at various periods of their life and to have the ability to cope with both intense and interminable wounds and disease. To adopt necessary health promotion strategies .Only imparting information will not help the people so it is the obligation of the nurses to attain specific competence and skill in health promotion so he/she can enact distinctive health promotion strategies which will then give assistance to individuals to fabricate the ability to control their own health and to settle on sound life decisions. To take part as an active member of inter-sectoral collaborations. In the primary health care system the contribution of the nurses is as partners, guides and collaborators because nurses contribute to health promotion to different inter linked sectors. The vision of the nurses is to provide a comprehensive primary health care in collaboration with the other departments. To spread awareness and handling multiple health determinants Nurses work in a variety of settings, so one of the greatest responsibilities of them is to bring issues to light of individuals about the nature of determinants of health and their changing pattern, the conceivable techniques to control them, and the nurse may likewise help individuals to conquer the obstacles to health promotion. To evaluate health promotion activities .In order to evaluate the validity of the health promotion strategies it is alluring for the nurse to incorporate evaluation strategies in the planning of health promotion activities. It will also help to modify the future activities according to the current trend of need. To collect new information along with comprehension on health promotion by research .In order to develop an evidence-based practice, a scientific data base is needed. The nurse can contribute significantly in this matter by taking part in conducting research and adding research findings to the existing information. To support the individual and community at political and social levels .Notwithstanding giving individual care, a nurse should remember the idea of social and community advancement, alterations of public and social policies related to the population at large So in conclusion it can be said that in Australian society, alcohol misuse is a typical issue of concern which can be addressed effectively inside a legitimate health promotion framework. Nurses assume a vital part in the health care system and the role of the nurses incorporates the best possible ramifications of the health promotion models and techniques for managing complex issues, for example, alcohol misuse. References Albee GW, Gullotta TP (1997). Primary prevention works. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first results. Drug Statistics Series No 20, cat. no. PHE 98. AIHW: Canberra, Australia. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10579.(accessed May 2008). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW),2006. Australias health 2006. AIHW cat.no. AUS73. Canberra, Australia. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/ title/10321#full_publication (accessed May 2008). Borsari, B (2004). Drinking games in the college environment: a review. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 48(2):29-51. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.003 Boyd C, McCabe SE, Morales M (2005). College students' alcohol use: a critical review,Annual Review of Nursing Research, vol. 23, pp. 179211, 2005. doi.org/10.1155/2014/930795 Bukstein, O., Kaminer, Y. (1994), The nosology of adolescent substance abuse:American Journal on Addictions 3: 113. Burke, M. A., Sass, T. R. (2013). Classroom peer effects and student achievement. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(1), 51-82. Cohen, G. L., Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Peer contagion of aggression and health risk behavior among adolescent males: An experimental investigation of effects on public conduct and private attitudes. Child Development 77, 967983. Durlak JA (1995). School-based prevention programs for children and adolescents. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. doi.org/10.4135/9781483327396.n6. Eccles, J. Goodman, J., eds. (2002). Community Programs to Promote Youth Development. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press. Groves S, Stanley BH, Sher L (2007).Ethnicity and the relationship between adolescent alcohol use and suicidal behavior. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine Health. doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.6.599 Hawkins J, Catalano RF, Miller JY(1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. doi=10.1.1.502.6154rep=rep1type=pdf Hawkins, J.D.; Catalano, R.F.; and Arthur, M (2002). Promoting science based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors.doi/abs/10.1177/1541204008315937 Hosman C, Jan-Llopis E (1999). Political challenges 2: mental health. In: The evidence of health promotion effectiveness: shaping public health in a new Europe. Brussels, ECSC-EC-EAEC:2941. doi/pdf/10.1177/10253823050120010107x Hosman C (2001). Evidence of effectiveness in mental health promotion. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Promotion of Mental Health and Social Inclusion. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Report 3). doi/abs/10.1177/10253823050120020107 Ialongo, N.; Poduska, J.; Werthamer, L.; and Kellam, S (2001). The distal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on conduct problems and disorder in early adolescence. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders . doi/abs/10.1177/106342660100900301 Kuntsche E, Knibbe R, Gmel G, Engels R(2006). Who drinks and why? A review of sociodemographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people addictive Behaviors. doi/abs/10.1177/0145445508322920 Langeland W, Hartgers C(1998). Child sexual and physical abuse and alcoholism: a review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. doi/abs/10.15288/jsa.1998.59.336. Lehtinen V, Riikonen E, Lahtinen E(1997). Promotion of Mental Health on the European Agenda. STAKES, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health. doi/abs/10.1177/10253823050120020107 Lahtinen E et al., eds (1999). Framework for promoting mental health in Europe. Hamina, (STAKES) National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland. Makhija N(2007). Childhood abuse and adolescent suicidality: a direct link and an indirect link through alcohol and substance misuse. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine Health. doi/abs/10.1177/1468017309334903 Melzer-Lange MD(1998). Violence and associated high-risk health behaviour in adolescents:Substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy of adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America. doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199004263221706 Miller, J. W., Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D., Jones, S. E. (2007). Binge Drinking and Associated Health Risk Behaviors Among High School Students. Pediatrics, 119(1), 76-85. Mrazek P, Haggerty R, eds (1994). Reducing risks of mental disorder: frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, National Academy Press Price RH, Van Ryn M, Vinokur AD (1992). Impact of a preventive job search intervention on the likelihood of depression among the unemployed. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 33:158167. doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002944 Resnick, M.D., et al. (1997). Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278 (10), 823-832; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995-2003) Series of Monographs. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611 Sampson, et al. (1997). Neighborhood and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Student of Collective Efficacy Scales, P.C. Leffert, N. (1999). Developmental Assets: A Synthesis of the Scientific Research on Adolescent Development. Minneapolis: Search Institute Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201228 Shanahan, P. and Hewitt, N. 1999. Developmental Research for a National Alcohol Campaign. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Available from: https://www.alcohol.gov.au/internet/alcohol/publishing.nsf/Content/3E8AC9F060C5D877CA257261000EC925/$File/alcocamp. pdf (accessed May 2008). Society for Adolescent Medicine (2010) Positive Youth Development as a Strategy to Promote Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Journal Adolescent Health. Vol 6:3 Supplement March 2010. Springer, F. (2001).EMT. Nat Cross-Site Evaluation of (48) High Risk Youth Programs to Address Substance Abuse (CSAP). Werner, E. E., Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the Odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press White, V. and Hayman, J. 2006. Australian secondary school students use of alcohol in 2005. The Cancer Council and the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. 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6 Ways to Seriously Improve Your Networking Skills

6 Ways to Seriously Improve Your Networking Skills When you have been job hunting, you may depend on networking with people you know to help you get the type of position you want. However, by improving your networking skills, you can use untapped resources and be more proactive in your job search. Being proactive can help you reach your goal of a job more quickly. 1. Send a MessageOver the years, you may have met a number of people you can include in your networking search and now, in addition to searching job sites, you are networking through friends, business contacts and others that you know. However, those people may not know what type of job you are looking for and what you do. By sending these people a short email or calling to ask if they will keep an eye out for job opportunities in your niche, you can widen your job hunt.2. Join Groups in Your FieldJoining groups related to your field and alumni associations and their hosted events give you an added opportunity to network. Former classmates who are in the same field can prov ide potential leads on jobs. Groups with hosted events let you widen your range of acquaintances, and that may give you new leads on jobs. You might even consider doing a volunteer speaking stint to get your name and expertise more widely known.3. Check Social MediaChecking Facebook, LinkedIn and other social media sites is a good way to reconnect. In addition, you can look at friends of these colleagues to find possible new connections and ask them for an introduction to expand your job search base. You probably have a number of friends on Facebook. Tell them you are job searching, and enlist their aid to put the word out. Engage in sites such as LinkedIn Events and Eventful to find helpful events to aid your job search.4. Add to Your Networking StrategyAlthough you can’t go around flinging your business card at everyone you meet, it is a good idea to take some along. When you’ve had what you consider a helpful conversation with an individual, handing over one of your business cards and expressing interest in working for his or her company can be helpful.5.Don’t Make It All About YouWhen you are helpful to others, they are more likely to be helpful to you. Don’t make it all about you, but listen well and show an interest in what others are saying. Contacts will be more likely to think of you if you have a friendly relationship that has been built on trust.6. Practice Your SpeechJust as you would practice a speech for a hiring manager, practice asking job contacts to help or recommend you for a job. You don’t want to take up too much of someone’s time because that can make you look desperate, and keeping your speech short and appealing but to the point can be a good idea. Keep an eye on the other individual’s body language before asking for help. An open individual with positive body language is more likely to assist you.Good networking is one way that you can conduct a job search. Another good way to job search is to have it done for you. TheJobNetwork does exactly that by searching around the clock to find job listings and sending them to you by email. After you fill out your qualifications and job interests, you can start receiving job matches to find the perfect job for you. To get started, sign up for job match alert.

Conservation of Natural Resources Essays

Conservation of Natural Resources Essays Conservation of Natural Resources Essay Conservation of Natural Resources Essay Soils Conservation:Easier Soil is the loose top layer of our planets crust. It is dirt or earth in which plant life can grow. Harder Soil covers a major portion of the earths land surface. It is an important natural resource that either directly or indirectly supports most of the planets life. Life here depends upon soil for food. Plants are rooted in soil and obtain needed nutrients there. Animals get their nutrients from plants or from other animals that eat plants. Many animals make their homes or are sheltered in the soil. Microbes in the soil cause the breakdown and decay of dead organisms, a process that in turn adds more nutrients to the soil. Soil is a mixture of mineral and organic materials plus air and water. The contents of soil varies in different locations and is constantly changing. There are many different kinds and types of soils. Each has certain characteristics including a specific color and composition. Different kinds of soils support the growth of different types of plants and also determine how well that plant life grows. Soil is formed slowly, but can be easily destroyed. Therefore, soil conservation is important for continued support of life. Forest Conservation: CONSERVATION OF forest is certainly a necessity that requires to be addressed as a priority. For the survival of human beings, a holistic approach is required to be adopted as regards protection of the plant kingdom as well as the wildlife with regard to the peaceful and mutually beneficial co-existence of all. To prevent any kind of ecological imbalance a very pragmatic action plan has to be formulated. Towards achieving this many legislation have been enacted in India and elsewhere. At the international level also the world communities, being concerned with the deteriorating situation worldwide, have joined hands towards finding a lasting and sustainable solution by deliberating on the subject in various conventions like that in Rio-de Janeiro and the latest Doha round of talks. These are truly welcome moves taken by the world community. Coming back to India, there are legislations galore to deal with the situation by way of wildlife protection, forest conservation, environment protection laws etc. No doubt, the aims and object of such legislations are in tune with the call of the hour. Forests are being denuded haphazardly. Deforestation in a rampant manner by various elements has depleted the forest areas forcing the wild life to lesser domains and as a result of this rampage of human habitat by wild pachyderms and other animals have become a regular phenomenon in certain areas. Forests are being encroached by people who have been displaced from their original habitat for various reasons like construction of huge electricity generating dams, ethnic clashes, floods caused by breach of river embankments and dams etc. Being forced to the wall by making these people devoid of shelter, at a time when even the United Nations Organisation gives much priority to providing shelter to the homeless, they are compelled to establish their habitat by waging war with the nature by way of deforestation and environmental degradation. The Union of India has passed the Forest (conservation) Act making it mandatory to obtain prior approval of the Union government for using forest land for non-forest purposes. Even for cultivation of tea, rubber, spices, and medicinal plants among others. In this regard, there is bar imposed in de-reservation of any reserved forests. For grant of any approval for such acts of using forest areas for non-forest purposes, an Advisory Committee is constituted under the statute. It thus connotes that with prior approval of the Central government, forest areas may be utilized for other purposes. In Assam, India, in the not very remote past, the democratically established government demolished a great area of human habitation by engaging tuskers in the name of clearing reserved forest land from encroachment. Ironically enough, the area has been under human habitation for quite a long span of time of some decades. Many multi- storied buildings, school buildings, community halls, prayer halls, libraries and many more established gardens etc were razed to the ground causing loss of property worth several billions belonging to the citizens of the welfare state. It is also a point to be noted that there was no forest as such for about half a century in the area. It was an act of high handedness on the part of the government for some hidden political agenda. However, after a huge furore that erupted after the incident, the eviction operation was stalled in the long run; but the damage was already done. In referring to the incident, it needs to be asserted that laws are made for the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people and therefore, human considerations must receive precedence over everything else. In the name of protecting the forest, human lives can never be sacrificed. It needs reiteration that laws are for benefit of man and not vice versa. In a democratic country where welfare of the people is of paramount importance, the powers that be at the first instance must take recourse to explore the possibilities for providing protection to the people rather than giving primacy to preservation of forest over human beings. If human beings are sacrificed for protection of forest, only forests will remain and human beings will be extinct. This needs to be kept in mind by all the people at the helm of affairs – only when human beings exist they will be able to occupy the seats of power they are occupying now. Coal Oil Conservation:Perhaps in the near future, but there is much more to be considered. The cost of replacing batteries in 3 to 5 years offsets a lot of gasoline dollars. Current battery electric cars have limited range and carrying capacity. The hybrid electric cars have long range, but the great looking gas mileage figures on the window sticker are 12mpg lower in the hands of most drivers. Many gasoline and diesel powered economy cars get comparable real world fuel economy as the hybrid at $10,000 lower initial cost and are a lot more fun to drive. There is a lot of potential in battery electric cars for short-range commuters. (Especially if the vehicle size is small and range is less than 75 miles round trip). The battery electric car can be recharged during off peak hours, which makes the electric company happy. Solar panels generating electricity at your home and feeding power back into the grid may help power the community during the day without increased power plant construction and consumption of fuel oil at the power plants. The need to conserve petroleum is very real. Gasoline and diesel powered cars have about 100 years advantage in development over electric cars so catch up will take time. Fuel cell power is a lighter than battery method of storing electricity. I don’t see any advantage in carrying Hydrogen as a fuel unless you are traveling in the vacuum of space. The production of Hydrogen is going to consume a lot of fuel and it tends to explode when accidents happen. It is not a wise choice. Conservation of Wildlife: The Indian subcontinent boasts of serving as the natural habitat of a large and varied wildlife. We can find some of the most magnificent as well as the rarest wildlife species of the world in the country. The beauty and variety we see in the jungles of India is difficult to be expressed in words. However, the past few decades have seen the greed and negligence of human beings working to the detriment of this rich wildlife. Large-scale poaching, habitat destruction and conflict with humans have resulted in a rapid decline in the population of most of the wild animals and birds. Conservation of Indian wildlife was not given the requisite importance for a long time. However, the government as well as the people slowly and gradually understood their responsibility in this context. Today, efforts are being made towards wildlife conservation in India, to preserve this natural wealth. Numerous wildlife conservation projects have been undertaken in India, both at the government as well as the individual level, to protect the rich wildlife of the subcontinent. Threats to Wildlife The major threats being faced by the wildlife in India are: The problem of overcrowding is one of the major reasons for the depleting population of wild animals in India. The wildlife sanctuaries of India have become overcrowded and their capacity has decreased to quite an extent. Tourism in the national parks of the country is increasing day by day. One of the reasons for this is a rise in the popularity of eco-tourism and adventure tourism. This has led to a growth in vehicle pollution and wildlife road fatalities, apart from leading to a damage of the natural habitat of birds and animals. With the increase in tourism, the parks have witnessed an increase in wildfires also. Innocent campfires started by visitors have, more often than not, led to menacing wildfires. These fires not only kill animals, but also destroy their natural habitat. The wildlife of coastal areas is constantly disturbed by personal watercrafts, like jet skis or wave runners. These personal watercrafts enter shallow waters and expel nesting birds from their roosts. Such activities are disturbing the mating pattern of birds. Releasing of chemicals and other toxic effluents into the water bodies has led to poisoning of the water. The animals and birds drinking such water face a fatal threat. Even the population of fish, living in such water bodies, is declining at a fast pace. The climate changes taking place in the world today, are affecting not only humans, but also the wildlife. The natural habitat as well as migration patterns of the animals and birds is experiencing disturb patterns. Last but not the least, the threat of poaching has been haunting the wildlife of India since ages. Even after the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, the threat of poac hing has not been totally eliminated. Project Tiger Indian government commenced the Project Tiger in 1973-74, with the objective of restraining as well as augmenting the declining population of tigers. Under the project, nine wildlife sanctuaries were taken over and developed into tiger reserves. These reserves were developed as exact replicas of the varied terrains of the country, with their core area being free of any human movement. With time, the number of sanctuaries under the ambit of Project Tiger was increased and by 2003, it had been increased to 27. Along with providing a natural habitat to the tiger, these reserves offer them protection against poaching also. The results are for all to see. After undertaking the project, the population of tigers in India has risen considerably. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) The current WCS program in India was started in 1986, as a single tiger research project at Nagarhole National Park. From a single project, WCS has developed into a comprehensive portfolio of activities related to wildlife. The activities undertaken under the adage of WCS include scientific research, national capacity building, policy interventions, site-based conservation and developing new models of wildlife conservation. Conclusion: An Adaptive Conservation Strategy facilitates â€Å"learning by doing† and â€Å"learning by sharing information,† both of which are science-based. Adaptive management at the site-specific level constitutes â€Å"learning by doing. † The development of species, habitat, or ecosystem Adaptive Conservation Plans (ACPs) constitute â€Å"learning by sharing information. † The goals of an Adaptive Conservation Plan tend to be general and overarching (for example â€Å"promote self-sustaining, functioning riparian ecosystems†)- yet they can only be achieved through a multitude of individual on-the-ground projects that are monitored, assessed, and evaluated at the site-specific project level. An Adaptive Conservation Strategy constitutes a very large feedback loop between site-specific projects and many conservation practitioners with similar interests. Findings from individual projects inform ACPs, while recommendations contained in the ACPs inform management plans that guide the stewardship of natural areas. The crucial components of a successful Adaptive Conservation Strategy (ACS) are collaboration, team work at the project level, keeping data current, information sharing, effective communication, flexibility (from all sides, including funders), and a results-oriented applied focus in monitoring, research, and management. The ACS has, to date, been based on the use of birds as indicators. Continuing research is needed to evaluate and refine our understanding of which bird species are the most accurate indicators of which elements of ecosystem integrity. It is fair to ask, however, whether the ACS process might also be applied in the field using other taxa as indicators (for example, bats or invertebrates). This is an area ripe for future investigation. Natural resource management is an unpredictable process. For this very reason, conservation scientists have an unswerving belief in the power of objective scientific measurement to provide one of the best means for guiding conservation action. Yet managers are often overwhelmed by immediate problems: everything from controversies among conflicting user-groups to exotic species that threaten years of restoration investment to mysterious new plant and animal pathogens. It can be easy, at times, for managers to overlook the important role of science in achieving long-term conservation goals- whether through science partnerships or through participation in research themselves. For their part, conservation scientists must constantly make an effort to reach out to land and ocean managers to ensure that the results of monitoring and research efforts will be relevant and useful in addressing key resource management issues. Both conservation scientists and natural resource managers ultimately serve the same mission: facilitating and advancing successful, cost-effective conservation of our precious natural heritage. An Adaptive Conservation Strategy provides a win-win approach for achieving this mission.

Self Introduction Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Self Introduction Issues - Essay Example I am a deep writer, preferring complex and interconnected topics than straightforward concepts. At the moment, I can say I have been writing for two years. In some cases, especially creative writing, I write papers that are longer than expected because I have â€Å"a lot to talk about.†My personal philosophy on writing is that it is a medium of communication; what I cannot relay verbally I put down. I also believe that writing is part of history. Consequently, by documenting what I experience and think, I leave a historical legacy that others can be inspired by. I hate the ambiguity that sometimes creeps into writing (Widdows 26). Over the years, I have accepted that it is a part of writing that cannot be avoided, but I hate that it hinders my prolificacy. What I like about writing is the appreciation people show for the thoughts and feelings that I put out. The first quote in the book feels true for me; the rest seem to contradict my experiences with – or opinions of à ¢â‚¬â€œ writing.

Durkheim theory of social function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Durkheim theory of social function - Essay Example Therefore according to Durkheim the existence of crime was and is normal as it has a function in the society. In the case of mark who has been involved in criminal activity it is clear that the society has a mechanism to cater for the crimes, there is the existence of guards and also there is the residential care. These are mechanism in the society to take care for the unlawful in the society. This is according to Durkheim view that crime and deviance in the society is a normal thing and that the parts of the society have a function to play for the proper function of the society. According to Durkheim the society is structured and there exist those roles in the society that are not of much importance to the running of the society, therefore these results into inequality in the society, therefore the issue of inequality and poverty in the society according to Durkheim is a natural thing in the society which is caused by the role importance of individuals. Inequality in our case study is evident from our case study, the inequality displayed in the case is where mark is the first to sit for a state examination in the family, this is inequality displayed in marks family whereby all the other member have not done any state examination but Mark has sat for one. This is inequality in society which is displayed in terms of education level attained. Suicide Durkheim analysed suicide with the use of social integration among groups, he compared the suicide rate among the Protestants and Catholics. In his research he found out that the Protestants had higher suicide rates than Catholics due to the existence of social integration that existed in the two different groups. In the society today people are more likely to commit suicide if there is weak social integration with the other individual in the society as predicted by Durkheim. (2) Marx's theory Karl Marx theory on capitalism discusses the issue of inequality that exists in a capitalist society. According to Marx the society in a capitalist form of society has two groups of people, those who own the means of production and the labourers. According to him the capitalist society is characterised by inequality whereby the bourgeoisies are the ones with wealth and that the labourers work for the owners of the wealth to create wealth. The majority of the people in the society according to Marx are poor because of the capitalist form of society whereby only a few people hold the wealth while others do not have and this is why there is inequality in the society. Therefore there exist inequality in the society because of the capitalist form of society and the only way to get rid of the problem of inequality is through the adoption of the communist form of society, the communist form of society is characterised by equality whereby the wealth in the society is shared by all members of the society and the means of production are owned by the society as a whole and not by individuals. For example in the society we live in today the people who hold wealth are few while those who don't have the wealth are the majority, further those who have the wealth employ those without the wealth and pay them less than they have worked for, this is the capitalist so

Stock Options at eBay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Stock Options at eBay - Case Study Example With a diverse and passionate community of individuals and small businesses, eBay offers an online platform where millions of items are traded each day. It was started in 1995 with one employee and it has grown to employ thousands of employees today. Any company's future success and profits depend on their employees and the senior management. Even eBay feels that their success was dependant on their key management and their technical staff. As such eBay tries to retain their key personnel officers for the long-term to gain more profits, but they don't have any long term agreements with employees and they don't even maintain life insurance policies on their key employees. eBay attains more profits in land based auction businesses and those are dependent on specialists and senior management as these individuals have established good relations with sellers who transfer property for sale at auction. As the company is growing and the number of employees is also. The company has to attract more people and has to train them and retain them in the company for the long term, particularly the employees who are highly skilled, technical, and m anagerial. Stock options issued by a company allow the employee to buy specific amount of the company's stock at a certain price after a set period of time (the vesting period). Stock options are useful to align the interests of the employee with those of the company. Since the stock options will be profitable only if the company's stock goes up, the employee has incentive to work hard and ensure the success of the company. Also, since the options can only exercised after a certain period of time, the employee has to stay with the company. This promotes employee retention. Furthermore, by giving out stock options, the company can reduce other forms of compensation and reduce its immediate cash expenses. In this way, stock options are a better method of compensation compared to cash or stock. Let's take an example: Let's say you are hired by eBay and they offer you options to buy 10,000 shares of eBay stock at $10 within the next three years. This stock option gives you the right to buy 10,000 shares of eBay stock at exactly $10 after three years. Let's say after three years eBay stock is at $15, you can exercise your stock options, buy 10,000 shares for $100,000 and sell them on them for $150,000 making a $50,000 profit. Now, let's say eBay's price after three years is $5, your options would be worthless. Thus the options incentivize you to work hard to ensure eBay is successful as measure by a stock price greater than $10. Also, you are required to stay for at least three years to profit from your options. From this example, it is clear how stock options align the interests of employees with those of the company and promote retention. The options did not also cost the company upfront. Neither cash nor stock has all these advantages, and hence eBay compensates employees with stock options. Question 2: What are at least four benefits of choosing stock options over other compensation methods Compensation packages are a means by which companies can achieve several different goals related to recruitment,

Cyclone Nargis in Burma: Aid Analysis

Cyclone Nargis in Burma: Aid Analysis Introduction On May 2nd 2008 a category 3 cyclone hit the Irrawaddy delta in Southern Myanmar. Nargis, as it was named, was the worst natural disaster in Myanmars recorded history (TCG 2008). It ended up claiming the lives of almost 140,000 people in addition to displacing a further 800,000. The United Nations reported that overall the cyclone had disrupted the lives of nearly 2.4 million people (Crisis Group 2008). The Myanmar government, or the State Protection and Democracy Council (SPDC), had neither the resources nor the experience to deal with such an event and as a result, assistance from the international community was needed (Selth 2008). The purpose of this paper is to examine the aid delivered to Myanmar by various international government and civil society groups. In an attempt to do so the paper looks at the at delivery of the aid in light of the influence of international politics, the domestic policies adopted by the SPDC, international funding issues, the effectiveness of the human rights system, and issues related culture, environment and gender. Influence of International Politics One of the factors that had a significant impact on the delivery of aid to the cyclone victims was the influence international politics on the decision making process. This section of the paper takes a look at the manner in which politics determined the course of the humanitarian operation in Myanmar. First of all, it is of importance to highlight the fact that for twenty years before Nargis struck the Irrawaddy delta, Myanmar had been deprived of international aid. The international community hoped that by enforcing sanctions and trade embargos they would be able to force the military regime out of political power and bring in a more democratic government. The devastating consequence of cyclone Nargis, however, made the international governments and non government organizations realize that they had to suspend those polices temporarily in an attempt to provide the much needed humanitarian aid to the victims. (Crisis Group 2008) Unfortunately, for several weeks the SPDC continued to hinder the international humanitarian operation. They insisted upon delivering aid themselves with as little help from overseas as possible. They blocked access to the affected region and refused to grant visas to international aid workers (Selth 2008). They also prevented French, UK and US aid vessels from entering Myanmar territory. Despite the fact that these ships were carrying supplies to feed and shelter the survivors, the junta feared that the humanitarian operation could be used as a pretense to overthrow their government. Consequently the aid vessels, which the SPDC viewed as warships, were left anchored in international waters for weeks awaiting permission to unload the much need supplies, before they went back. (Stover and Vinck 2008) This pattern of events prompted several European countries to view the SPDCs response to the disaster as a crime against humanity. They accused the SPDC of having had inadequate aid measures in place and its continued rejection of aid from abroad was considered to be a deliberate disregard for the citizens of Myanmar (Crisis Group 2008). Therefore, the French government, with the support of the British and US governments, requested the UN Security Council to authorize the Responsibility to Protect  doctrine for the purpose of delivering aid to the victims by force if necessary (Belanger and Horsey 2008). However, Chinese and Russian governments rejected the proposal based on the fact that the doctrine did not apply to natural disasters and as a result was not sanctioned by the Security Council (Selth 2008). Eventually signs of cooperation between the SPDC and the international community began to emerge. First there was a meeting between the Foreign Ministers of the members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), where it was established that aid could be delivered to the region through ASEAN representatives. Next, at a meeting between UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and Senior General Than Shwe in Naypyitaw it was agreed that the SPDC would allow international aid workers full access to the disaster sites. As an outcome of these two meetings the SPDC along with representative from the UN and ASEAN set up the Tripartite Core Group (TCG), as a means to coordinate the cooperative relief effort. (ALTSEAN 2008) Domestic Policies Even after granting visas to the aid workers, the SPDC implemented certain domestic policies that hindered the international relief effort. An example of such a deterring policy is the confinement of international aid workers to the immediate Yangon area. As a result of this policy, foreign staff members distributing relief materials and food donated by the international community could only work from Yangon region. They had to rely on the junta to distribute it outside the city borders. In addition, the junta also set up road blocks preventing access to the affected areas in an attempt to further restrict the movements of international aid workers. (ALTSEAN 2008) Additionally the SPDC was cautious of the types of materials they allowed to be brought in as aid. They prevented aid agencies from delivering any materials that could be used by the survivors to gain access to outside world. As a result, the SPDC banned the import and use of communication equipments unless purchased from the government, at a price of $1,500 per phone. Each agency was allowed purchase a maximum of ten phones. Furthermore, the SPDC did not allow aid agencies to import vehicles or machinery from abroad either. An offer by the British government to provide the SPDC with equipment capable of unloading planes faster was turned down. As a result, because of these policies adopted by the SPDC, the delivery of aid was not only slow and delayed but huge quantities of relief supplies ended up in Yangon warehouses as confiscated items instead of being delivered to the victims. (ALTSEAN 2008) Another major criticism of SPDC domestic policies was the fact that they conducted the constitutional referendum despite the cyclone disaster. The purpose of the election was to legitimize the authority of the junta. As a result they went ahead with the elections amidst widespread disapproval. Even though, the junta postponed the referendum in the cyclone affected areas they went ahead with the elections the in other regions (Selth 2008). Consequently, the SPDC had to commit the limited resources it had to the referendum which diverted the much needed attention away from delivering aid to those affected by the cyclone. In addition the SPDC forcefully evicted many of the survivors from both government and unofficial shelters for the purpose of conducting the referendum. For example, the SPDC evicted around 90 people from a hall in Yangon so that the hall could be used as a polling station (Amnesty International 2008). Therefore, international politics combined with domestic policies ensured that the delivery of aid for the victims of Nargis was not an easy matter. To complicate things further the international community faced certain funding issues as well. The next section of the paper takes a closer look at those issues. International Funding Issues Aside from the onsite hindrances of delivering aid the international aid agencies had issues related to raising adequate funds. During the initial emergency response the World Food Program (WFP) estimated that the daily aid delivered to the victims was only one third of the required amount (ALTSEAN 2008). A year later half a million people are still without proper housing and 350,000 people require food donations from the World Food Program (Solomon 2009). The original Myanmar Cyclone Flash Appeal had requested for 187.3 million dollars for the rebuilding effort. However, after a more comprehensive assessment of the affected area and the victims a revised Flash Appeal requesting $481 million was launched (UN 2008). Unfortunately, during the emergency phase of the operation, international aid agencies were able to raise only 66 percent of that amount. Similarly, of the nearly $700 million required for the three years Post-Nargis Recovery and Preparedness Plan (PONREPP), initiated by the SPDC in association with ASEAN and the UN, only $100 million had been pledged by donor countries (Mungpi 2009). The lack of adequate funding drastically reduced the rate at which aid was being delivered to those in need. Despite the obvious need for additional funding, international aid agencies were unable to accumulate funding the way in which they did during the 2004 Asian Tsunami. One of the major reasons for this was the reluctance of governments to provide additional funding to military junta. They feared that their donations were being diverted away from the victims and were being used to strengthen the military regime instead. Such fears were reaffirmed by evidence of aid being stolen and redirected by the SPDC. For example, the first two WFP planes carrying food into Myanmar were seized by the government upon arrival. The WFP responded by suspending their flights to Myanmar, however, in light of the extent of the humanitarian crisis the WFP realized that they had to resume the flights and send aid irrespective of fact that it might get sized again. In addition there were reports of incidents where the victims being made to pay for the relief items. In some cases the government agents forced the survivors to vote Yes  in the referendum before giving them their aid supplies. Survivors were also reportedly given rotten, low quality food instead of the nutrition-rich biscuits that the international donors had sent. Instead, these items ended up being sold in the markets along with the rice and oil donated by international organizations. To counter these accusations SPDC issued a warning to take legal action against anyone caught stealing relief supplies. However, the threat never materialized, and as a result reports of stolen and missing aid continued to appear, which further discouraged international donors and caused additional funding issues for the aid agencies. (ALTSEAN 2008) The implementation of the human rights system According to an international system of human rights, in the event of a natural disaster, every individual has the right to be given protection from natural hazards, evacuate if necessary and be given access to adequate quantities of food, shelter, and medicine. It is the national authoritys responsibility to provide these services; however, in cases where the authority is either unable or unwilling to provide these services the international community has a humanitarian obligation to deliver the aid instead (Caritas 2008). It was this system of human rights that was used by the international community to aid the victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar. Facing numerous previously mentioned SPDC created obstacles the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution on June 18 condemning the continued violation of the rights of the cyclone survivors. The resolution demanded that the SPDC allow aid workers immediate, full and unhindered access  to the Irrawaddy delta and stop forcing t he survivors to return to their cyclone affected village homes where access to emergency relief was inadequate. (Akimoto 2008) However, a year later international relief workers still find it difficult to get visas for Myanmar. Those that do get the in are only allowed a limited period of time to work in the Irrawaddy delta (Solomon 2009). Furthermore, since declaring the end of the rescue and relief phase of the cyclone Nargis response on 20 May 2008 the SPDC ordered increasing number of traumatized cyclone victims to return to their homes despite the fact that they no to access to food, shelter or other aid supplies in those villages (Amnesty International 2008). Therefore, even though it was through the human rights system that the international community was able to provide assistance to the survivors, the domestic policies adopted by the military junta greatly diminished the effectiveness of its application. Many of these domestic policies that hindered the delivery of aid to the victims of the cyclone resulted from certain cultural beliefs that the military junta has. The next section of the paper takes a look at some of these cultural issues that have made delivering aid difficult. Cultural Issues One of the major cultural issues that made the process of restoring the Irrawaddy delta immensely difficult is rooted in the isolationist principles of the military junta. Since the 1960s the government of Myanmar endorsed a self-reliance doctrine where they believed that their nation and citizens would do better if left on their own. Consequently they avoided accepting assistance from abroad even if caused more hardships (Belanger and Horsey 2008: 2). This belief was a major factor behind the initial denial of international assistance. This tradition of self reliance also resulted in the survivors being prematurely sent back to their cyclone devastated homes. Just after a month after the cyclone, the government declared that the survivors had to return to their villages and resume their way of living. According to the SPDC, cyclone victims would otherwise become too dependent on relief from international donors and not be productive enough to support themselves. In some cases, the government forcibly evicted people from their shelters and sent them back to their villages by the use of force. In Yangon, for example, the military reportedly threatened to shoot those that would not return to their villages. (Shwe 2008) Another major cultural issue within Myanmar stems from the fact it is a multi-ethnic country with several groups in conflict with one another. Even the delta region is home to a number of different ethnic groups with the Bamar being the dominant group in the region followed by the Karen and then the Rakhaing. As a result the international aid agencies had to ensure that no particular ethnic group was given preferential treatment or overlooked during the operation. Otherwise intergroup tensions worsened the already strained relations between the various ethnic groups. On the other hand aid through an equitable and non-sectarian delivery of aid the aid agencies were able to make different groups together. (TCG 2008) Environmental Issues Environmental issues also presented themselves as factors that needed to be considered by the aid agencies. Due to the damages caused by the cyclone the local environment in the Irrawaddy delta created severe health issues for the survivors. The contamination of the ponds and lakes, used by villagers as drinking water, with sea water and dead bodies spread dengue fever, diarrhea and dysentery across the region. Despite efforts by the government and international medical groups the damage done to the local environment, continued to create serious health concerns for the survivors. (Shwe 2008) Aside from causing physical harm, environmental damages placed a severe strain on the economic wellbeing of an already impoverished society. The fact that the majority of the victims of Nargis belonged to rural societies they relied on agriculture as their main source of income. In addition the delta region also produced a major portion of the countries of food supply. Therefore, the destruction of the agricultural sector meant that not only were the residents of the Irrawaddy to suffer severe economic hardships, but the entire country would have food shortages for several years unless the aid agencies addressed the issue. Therefore, the rehabilitation of the region, expected to cost $11 billion, remains a top priority for aid agencies (TCG 2008) A third environment related issue is associated with the loss of the mangrove forests in the region. The spread of shrimp farms and rice paddies for over a period of ten years resulted in the loss of significant portion of the mangrove covering. The presence of the mangrove forest would have reduced the extent of the damage caused by Nargis (TCG 2008). Consequently the IUCN suggested that once the emergency aid had been provided, the government and other organizations needed to restore the mangrove forest and other coastal ecosystem in order to avoid future devastations caused by cyclones. (IUCN 2008) Gender Issues According to a report published by the TCG, 61 percent of those that died in the cyclone were women, with the number being even higher in certain villages. Furthermore, the majority of the women that died were aged between the 18-60 years, the age group that is the most the productive and reproductive. Therefore, the cyclone created a gender imbalance in the delta region which in turn created several issues for the aid agencies (TCG 2008). This section of the paper takes a look at some of the gender issues created by Nargis, particularly the ones related to division of labor, migration of women into cities and the overall difference in needs of men and women in the aftermath of a natural disaster. First of all Nargis caused a shift in the division of labor among men and women. The death of the female members of the household meant that the men had to take on responsibilities that were traditionally reserved for women, such as cooking and childcare. Similarly, in families where the men died women had to take on the responsibility of earning money in addition to their previous roles. As a result it created additional burden for the widows and widowers and prevented them from performing other duties and as such had to be treated as among the most vulnerable groups in the community (TCG 2009) Another gender related issue created by the cyclone involves women migrating from the rural sectors to the urban regions. The devastation to the region that Nargis caused left unmarried women with very limited opportunities to earn a living. As a result many were prompted to leave their villages and look for work in the city. Once in the city, these women, with no experience of life outside their village, became easy targets for exploitation, forced labor, prostitution and trafficking. (TCG 2008) Finally aid agencies had to implement different aid mechanisms for the men and women of the delta region who experienced the natural disaster in different ways and as such needed to be looked upon as separate interest groups with specific needs, limitations and abilities. Due to cultural and social restrictions women, comparatively, have fewer opportunities to improve their conditions on their own. As a result the aid agencies, helping women recover, needed to provide services that allowed women to improve their ability to participate in activities and decision making processes. (TCG 2008) Conclusion Therefore, it can be seen from this paper that the delivery of aid to a country devastated by a natural disaster requires the consideration of a variety of factors. In the case of Nargis wrecking the Irrawaddy delta in Myanmar, the international community had to deal with a military government intent on hindering the aid effort. After having convinced the SPDC to let international aid workers enter Myanmar the aid agencies faced additional difficulties due to the domestic policies. Moreover, with the junta diverting and stealing aid the availability of international funds became an issue as well. Despite, having had used the international system of human rights to initiate the delivery of aid to the affected groups, the overall international response was not as effective in preventing the violation of the survivors human rights. Cultural, environmental and gender issues inside the Irrawaddy delta complicated matters further; illustrating the complexity of the delivering aid to an isolated developing country struggling to cope with a natural disaster. Reference Akimoto, Y. (2008) Post Nargis Analysis: The other side of the Story  [http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/burma_post_nargi_analysis.pdf] ALTSEAN (2008) SPDC turns disaster into catastrophe [http://www.altsean.org/Docs/PDF%20Format/Thematic%20Briefers/SPDC%20turns%20disaster%20into%20catastrophe.pdf] Amnesty International (2008) Myanmar Briefing: Human rights concerns a month after Cyclone Nargis [http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA16/013/2008/en/8592e938-32e5-11dd-863f-e9cd398f74da/asa160132008eng.html] Belanger, J. and R. Horsey (2008), Negotiating humanitarian access to cyclone-affected areas of Myanmar: a review  Humanitarian Exchange 41 Caritas Australia (2008) Burma Cyclone Nargis Humanitarian analysis [http://www.caritas.org.au/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Caritas_policy_documents_PDFsTemplate=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfmContentID=4006] Crisis Group (2008) Burma/Myanmar After Nargis: Time to Normalize relations  Asia Report 161 IUCN (2008) Restoring natural habitats in Myanmar a reconstruction priority  IUCN Press release May 23, 2008, Geneva [http://www.ddrn.dk/filer/forum/File/IUCN_Myanmar_press_statement.pdf] Mungpi (2009) Global support for cyclone victims not sufficient: UN  Mizzima [http://www.mizzima.com/nargis-impact/one-year-after-nargis/2063-global-support-for-cyclone-victims-not-sufficient-un.html] Selth, A. (2008) ËÅ"Burma and the Threat of Invasion: Regime Fantasy or Strategic Reality?, Griffith Asia Institutes Regional Outlook Paper 17 Shwe, K. (2008) An Alternative Assessment of the Humanitarian Assistance in the Irrawaddy Delta Situation after 60 days [http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/Cyclone%20Nargis%20-%20Alternative%20assessment.pdf] Solomon (2009) A year on, Nargis victims still lack adequate support  Mizzima [http://www.mizzima.com/nargis-impact/one-year-after-nargis/2042-a-year-on-nargis-victims-still-lack-adequate-support.html] Stover, E. and P. Vinck (2008) Cyclone Nargis and the Politics of Relief and Reconstruction Aid in Burma (Myanmar)  JAMA 30(6): 729-731 TCG (2008) Post-Nargis Joint Assessment  [http://www.aseansec.org/21765.pdf] TCG (2009) Post-Nargis Social Impacts Monitoring  [http://www.aseansec.org/CN-SocialImpactMonitoring-November08.pdf] UN (2008) Myanmar Revised Appeal: Cyclone Nargis Response Plan Consolidated Appeal  [http://ochadms.unog.ch/quickplace/cap/main.nsf/h_Index/Revision_2008_Myanmar_FA/$FILE/Revision_2008_Myanmar_FA_VOL1_SCREEN.pdf?OpenElement]